内容

目次

List of Sound Recordings viii Prefaces to the First Edition xi Preface to the Second Edition xvi Acknowledgements xviii Figure 1 The organs of speech xx Figure 2 The International Phonetic Alphabet xxi 1 English Phonetics: Consonants (i) 1 1.1 Airstream and Articulation 1 1.2 Place of Articulation 2 1.3 Manner of Articulation: Stops, Fricatives and Approximants 5 Exercises 8 2 English Phonetics: Consonants (ii) 10 2.1 Central vs Lateral 10 2.2 Taps and Trills 10 2.3 Secondary Articulation 11 2.4 Affricates 11 2.5 Aspiration 12 2.6 Nasal Stops 12 Exercises 14 3 English Phonetics: Vowels (i) 16 3.1 The Primary Cardinal Vowels 16 3.2 RP and GA Short Vowels 18 Exercises 21 4 English Phonetics: Vowels (ii) 22 4.1 RP and GA Long Vowels 22 4.2 RP and GA Diphthongs 23 Exercises 27 5 The Phonemic Principle 28 5.1 Introduction: Linguistic Knowledge 28 5.2 Contrast vs Predictability: The Phoneme 29 5.3 Phonemes, Allophones and Contexts 36 5.4 Summing Up 37 Exercises 39 6 English Phonemes 41 6.1 English Consonant Phonemes 41 6.2 The Phonological Form of Morphemes 43 6.3 English Vowel Phonemes 47 Exercises 50 7 English Syllable Structure 53 7.1 Introduction 53 7.2 Constituency in Syllable Structure 53 7.3 The Sonority Hierarchy, Maximal Onset and Syllable Weight 58 7.4 Language–Specific Phonotactics 61 7.5 Syllabic Consonants and Phonotactics 62 7.6 Syllable–Based Generalizations 64 7.7 Morphological Structure, Syllable Structure and Resyllabification 65 7.8 Summing Up 68 Exercises 68 8 Rhythm and Word Stress in English 70 8.1 The Rhythm of English 70 8.2 English Word Stress: Is It Entirely Random? 71 8.3 English Word Stress: Some General Principles 74 8.4 Word Stress Assignment in Morphologically Simple Words 75 8.5 Word Stress Assignment and Morphological Structure 79 8.6 Compound Words 84 8.7 Summing Up 86 Exercises 87 9 Rhythm, Reversal and Reduction 90 9.1 More on the Trochaic Metrical Foot 90 9.2 Representing Metrical Structure 93 vi Contents 9.3 Phonological Generalizations and Foot Structure 97 9.4 The Rhythm of English Again: Stress Timing and Eurhythmy 99 Exercises 106 10 English Intonation 107 10.1 Tonic Syllables, Tones and Intonation Phrases 107 10.2 Departures from the LLI Rule 109 10.3 IPs and Syntactic Units 114 10.4 Tonic Placement, IP Boundaries and Syntax 119 10.5 Tones and Syntax 121 10.6 Tonic Placement and Discourse Context 122 10.7 Summing Up 123 Exercises 123 11 Graphophonemics: Spelling???Pronunciation Relations 126 11.1 Introduction 126 11.2 Vowel Graphemes and Their Phonemic Values 127 11.3 Consonant Graphemes and Their Phonemic Values 132 Exercises 138 12 Variation in English Accents 140 12.1 Introduction 140 12.2 Systemic vs Realizational Differences between Accents 141 12.3 Perceptual and Articulatory Space 145 12.4 Differences in the Lexical Distribution of Phonemes 149 Exercises 150 13 An Outline of Some Accents of English 152 13.1 Some British Accents 152 13.2 Two American Accents 161 13.3 Two Southern Hemisphere Accents 164 13.4 An Overview of Some Common Phenomena Found in Accent Variation 168 Exercises 170 Suggested Further Reading 177 Index 179