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Preface IX Preface to the 2nd edition X Introduction 1 Introduction Early developments 2 Biotechnology today 4 Microbiology Viruses 6 Bacteriophages 8 Microorganisms 10 Bacteria 12 Yeasts 14 Fungi 16 Algae 18 Some bacteria of importance for biotechnology 20 Microorganisms: isolation, preservation, safety 22 Microorganisms: strain improvement 24 Biochemistry Biochemistry 26 Amino acids, peptides, proteins 28 Enzymes: structure, function, kinetics 30 Sugars, glycosides, oligo– and polysaccharides 32 Lipids, membranes, membrane proteins 34 Metabolism 36 Genetic engineering DNA: structure 38 DNA: function 40 RNA 42 Genetic engineering: general steps 44 Preparation of DNA 46 Other useful enzymes for DNA manipulation 48 PCR: general method 50 PCR: laboratory methods 52 DNA: synthesis and size determination 54 DNA sequencing 56 Transfer of foreign DNA in living cells (transformation) 58 Gene cloning and identification 60 Gene expression 62 Gene silencing 64 Epigenetics 66 Gene libraries and gene mapping 68 Genetic maps of prokaryotes 70 Genetic maps of eukaryotes 72 Metagenomics 74 Cell biology Cell biology 76 Stem cells 78 Blood cells and immune system 80 Antibodies 82 Reporter groups 84 Solid state fermentation (SSF) 86 Growing microorganisms 88 Growth kinetics and product formation 90 Fed–batch, continuous and high cell density fermentation 92 Fermentation technology 94 Fermentation technology: scale–up 96 Cultivation of mammalian cells 98 Mammalian cell bioreactors 100 Enzyme and cell reactors 102 Recovery of bioproducts 104 Recovery of proteins: chromatography 106 Economic aspects of industrial processes 108 Food and food additives Alcoholic beverages 110 Beer 112 Fermented food 114 Food and lactic acid fermentation 116 Prebiotics and probiotics 118 Bakers’ yeast and fodder yeasts 120 Fodder yeasts from petroleum feedstocks, single cell oil 122 Amino acids 124 l–Glutamic acid 126 d,l–Methionine, l–lysine, and l–threonine 128 Aspartame™, l–phenylalanine, and l–aspartic acid 130 Amino acids via enzymatic transformation 132 Vitamins 134 Nucleosides and nucleotides 136 Industrial products Bio–Ethanol 138 1–Butanol 140 Higher alcohols and alkenes 142 Acetic acid / vinegar 144 Citric acid 146 Lactic acid, 3–hydroxy–propionic acid (3–HP) 148 Gluconic acid and “green” sugar chemicals 150 Dicarboxylic acids 152 Biopolymers: Polyesters 154 Biopolymers: Polyamides 156 Polysaccharides 158 Biosurfactants 160 Fatty acids and their esters 162 Enzyme technology Biotransformation 164 Technical enzymes 166 Applied enzyme catalysis 168 Regio– and enantioselective enzymatic synthesis 170 Enzymes as processing aids 172 Detergent enzymes 174 Enzymes for starch hydrolysis 176 Enzymatic starch hydrolysis 178 Enzymes and sweeteners 180 Enzymes for the hydrolysis of cellulose and polyoses 182 Enzymes in pulp and paper processing 184 Pectinases 186 Enzymes and milk products 188 Enzymes in baking and meat processing 190 Other enzymes for food products and animal feed 192 Enzymes in leather and textile treatment 194 Procedures for obtaining novel technical enzymes 196 Protein design 198 Antibiotics Antibiotics: occurrence, applications, mechanism of action 200 Antibiotics: screening, industrial production, and mechanism of action 202 Antibiotic resistance 204 β–Lactam antibiotics: structure, biosynthesis, and mechanism of action 206 β–Lactam antibiotics: manufacture 208 Amino acid and peptide antibiotics 210 Glycopeptide, lipopeptide, polyether, and nucleoside anti–biotics 212 Aminoglycoside antibiotics 214 Tetracyclines, chinones, chinolones, and other aromatic antibiotics 216 Macrolide antibiotics 218 New pathways to antibiotics 220 Pharmaceuticals and medical technology Insulin 222 Growth hormone and other hormones 224 Hemoglobin, serum albumen, and lactoferrin 226 Blood clotting agents 228 Anticoagulants and thrombo–lytic agents 230 Enzyme inhibitors 232 Interferons 234 Interleukins and “anti–interleukins” 236 Erythropoietin and other growth factors 238 Other therapeutic proteins 240 Monoclonal and catalytic antibodies 242 Recombinant antibodies 244 Therapeutic antibodies 246 Vaccines 248 Recombinant vaccines 250 Steroid biotransformations 252 Diagnostic enzymes 254 Enzyme tests 256 Biosensors 258 Immunoanalysis 260 Glycobiology 262 Agriculture and environment Animal breeding 264 Embryo transfer, cloned animals 266 Gene maps 268 Transgenic animals 270 Breeding, gene pharming and xenotransplantation 272 Plant breeding 274 Plant tissue surface culture 276 Plant cell suspension culture 278 Transgenic plants: methods 280 Transgenic plants: resistance 282 Transgenic plants: products 284 Aerobic wastewater treatment 286 Anaerobic wastewater and sludge treatment 288 Biological treatment of exhaust air 290 Biological soil treatment 292 Microbial leaching, biofilms, and biocorrosion 294 Megatrends The human genome 296 Functional analysis of the human genome 298 Pharmacogenomics, nutrigenomics 300 DNA assays 302 Gene therapy 304 Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) 306 Tissue Engineering 308 Drug screening 310 High–throughput sequencing 312 Proteomics 314 DNA and protein arrays 316 Metabolic engineering 318 Synthetic biology 320 Systems biology 322 Bioinformatics: sequence and structural databases 324 Bioinformatics: functional analyses 326 Carbon sources (C–sources) 328 Biorefineries 330 Safety in genetic engineering 332 Regulation of products derived from biotechnology 334 Ethical considerations and acceptance 336 Patents in biotechnology 338 International aspects of biotechnology 340 Further Reading 343 Index 376 Picture Credits 398