目次

PREFACE xi CHAPTER 1 Building a Solid Foundation 1 1.1 Defi ning Engineering Fluid Mechanics 2 1.2 Describing Liquids and Gases 3 1.3 Idealizing Matter 5 1.4 Dimensions and Units 6 1.5 Carrying and Canceling Units 9 1.6 Applying the Ideal Gas Law (IGL) 13 1.7 The Wales–Woods Model 15 1.8 Checking for Dimensional Homogeneity (DH) 19 1.9 Summarizing Key Knowledge 22 CHAPTER 2 Fluid Properties 28 2.1 Defi ning the System 28 2.2 Characterizing Mass and Weight 30 2.3 Modeling Fluids as Constant Density 32 2.4 Finding Fluid Properties 34 2.5 Describing Viscous Effects 35 2.6 Applying the Viscosity Equation 39 2.7 Characterizing Viscosity 42 2.8 Characterizing Surface Tension 45 2.9 Predicting Boiling Using Vapor Pressure 50 2.10 Characterizing Thermal Energy in Flowing Gases 51 2.11 Summarizing Key Knowledge 52 CHAPTER 3 Fluid Statics 60 3.1 Describing Pressure 61 3.2 Calculating Pressure Changes Associated with Elevation Changes 65 3.3 Measuring Pressure 72 3.4 Predicting Forces on Plane Surfaces (Panels) 77 3.5 Calculating Forces on Curved Surfaces 83 3.6 Calculating Buoyant Forces 85 3.7 Predicting Stability of Immersed and Floating Bodies 88 3.8 Summarizing Key Knowledge 92 CHAPTER 4 The Bernoulli Equation and Pressure Variation 111 4.1 Describing Streamlines, Streaklines, and Pathlines 112 4.2 Characterizing Velocity of a Flowing Fluid 114 4.3 Describing Flow 117 4.4 Acceleration 123 4.5 Applying Euler’s Equation to Understand Pressure Variation 127 4.6 Applying the Bernoulli Equation along a Streamline 132 4.7 Measuring Velocity and Pressure 139 4.8 Characterizing Rotational Motion of a Flowing Fluid 142 4.9 The Bernoulli Equation for Irrotational Flow 146 4.10 Describing the Pressure Field for Flow over a Circular Cylinder 147 4.11 Calculating the Pressure Field for a Rotating Flow 149 4.12 Summarizing Key Knowledge 152 CHAPTER 5 Control Volume Approach and Continuity Equation 169 5.1 Characterizing the Rate of Flow 170 5.2 The Control Volume Approach 176 5.3 Continuity Equation (Theory) 182 5.4 Continuity Equation (Application) 184 5.5 Predicting Caviation 191 5.6 Summarizing Key Knowledge 194 CHAPTER 6 Momentum Equation 208 6.1 Understanding Newton’s Second Law of Motion 209 6.2 The Linear Momentum Equation: Theory 213 6.3 Linear Momentum Equation: Application 216 6.4 The Linear Momentum Equation for a Stationary Control Volume 218 6.5 Examples of the Linear Momentum Equation (Moving Objects) 228 6.6 The Angular Momentum Equation 233 6.7 Summarizing Key Knowledge 236 CHAPTER 7 The Energy Equation 252 7.1 Energy Concepts 253 7.2 Conservation of Energy 255 7.3 The Energy Equation 257 7.4 The Power Equation 265 7.5 Mechanical Effi ciency 267 7.6 Contrasting the Bernoulli Equation and the Energy Equation 270 7.7 Transitions 270 7.8 Hydraulic and Energy Grade Lines 273 7.9 Summarizing Key Knowledge 277 CHAPTER 8 Dimensional Analysisand Similitude 292 8.1 Need for Dimensional Analysis 292 8.2 Buckingham II Theorem 294 8.3 Dimensional Analysis 295 8.4 Common p–Groups 299 8.5 Similitude 302 8.6 Model Studies for Flows without Free–Surface Effects 305 8.7 Model–Prototype Performance 308 8.8 Approximate Similitude at High Reynolds Numbers 309 8.9 Free–Surface Model Studies 312 8.10 Summarizing Key Knowledge 315 CHAPTER 9 Predicting Shear Force 324 9.1 Uniform Laminar Flow 325 9.2 Qualitative Description of the Boundary Layer 330 9.3 Laminar Boundary Layer 331 9.4 Boundary Layer Transition 335 9.5 Turbulent Boundary Layer 336 9.6 Pressure Gradient Effects of Boundary Layers 347 9.7 Summarizing Key Knowledge 349 CHAPTER 10 Flow in Conduits 359 10.1 Classifying Flow 360 10.2 Specifying Pipe Sizes 363 10.3 Pipe Head Loss 363 10.4 Stress Distributions in Pipe Flow 366 10.5 Laminar Flow in a Round Tube 367 10.6 Turbulent Flow and the Moody Diagram 371 10.7 Strategy for Solving Problems 375 10.8 Combined Head Loss 379 10.9 Nonround Conduits 384 10.10 Pumps and Systems of Pipes 385 10.11 Key Knowledge 391 CHAPTER 11 Drag and Lift 406 11.1 Relating Lift and Drag to Stress Distributions 407 11.2 Calculating Drag Force 408 11.3 Drag of Axisymmetric and 3–D Bodies 413 11.4 Terminal Velocity 418 11.5 Vortex Shedding 419 11.6 Reducing Drag by Streamlining 420 11.7 Drag in Compressible Flow 421 11.8 Theory of Lift 422 11.9 Lift and Drag on Airfoils 426 11.10 Lift and Drag on Road Vehicles 432 11.11 Summarizing Key Knowledge 435 CHAPTER 12 Compressible Flow 445 12.1 Wave Propagation in Compressible Fluids 445 12.2 Mach Number Relationships 451 12.3 Normal Shock Waves 455 12.4 Isentropic Compressible Flow Through a Duct with Varying Area 460 12.5 Summarizing Key Knowledge 471 CHAPTER 13 Flow Measurements 478 13.1 Measuring Velocity and Pressure 478 13.2 Measuring Flow Rate (Discharge) 486 13.3 Measurement in Compressible Flow 501 13.4 Accuracy of Measurements 505 13.5 Summarizing Key Knowledge 506 CHAPTER 14 Turbomachinery 517 14.1 Propellers 518 14.2 Axial–Flow Pumps 523 14.3 Radial–Flow Machines 527 14.4 Specifi c Speed 531 14.5 Suction Limitations of Pumps 532 14.6 Viscous Effects 534 14.7 Centrifugal Compressors 535 14.8 Turbines 538 14.9 Summarizing Key Knowledge 547 CHAPTER 15 Flow in Open Channels 554 15.1 Description of Open–Channel Flow 555 15.2 Energy Equation for Steady Open–Channel Flow 557 15.3 Steady Uniform Flow 558 15.4 Steady Nonuniform Flow 567 15.5 Rapidly Varied Flow 567 15.6 Hydraulic Jump 577 15.7 Gradually Varied Flow 582 15.8 Summarizing Key Knowledge 590 CHAPTER 16 Modeling of Fluid Dynamics Problems 598 16.1 Models in Fluid Mechanics 599 16.2 Foundations for Learning Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) 603 16.3 The Continuity Equation 612 16.4 The Navier–Stokes Equation 619 16.5 Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) 623 16.6 Examples of CFD 628 16.7 A Path for Moving Forward 631 16.8 Summarizing Key Knowledge 632 Appendix 639 Answers 651 Index 661