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Preface xi Contributors xiii PART I. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 1 Chapter 1. Entecavir (Baraclude): A Carbocyclic Nucleoside for the Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B 3 1 Background 3 2 Pharmacology 5 3 Structure???Activity Relationship (SAR) 6 4 Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism 7 5 Efficacy and Safety 8 6 Syntheses 8 7 References 14 Chapter 2. Telaprevir (Incivek) and Boceprevir (Victrelis): NS3/4A Inhibitors for Treatment for Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) 15 1 Background 16 2 Pharmacology 16 3 Structure???Activity Relationship (SAR) 17 4 PK and Drug Metabolism 20 5 Efficacy and Safety 22 6 Synthesis 24 7 Conclusions 38 8 References 39 Chapter 3. Daclatasvir (Daklinza): The First–in–Class HCV NS5A Replication Complex Inhibitor 43 1 Background 43 2 Discovery Medicinal Chemistry 45 3 Mode of Action 48 4 Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism 49 5 Efficacy and Safety 49 6 Syntheses 52 7 References 57 Chapter 4. Sofosbuvir (Sovaldi): The First–in–Class HCV NS5B Nucleotide Polymerase Inhibitor 61 1 Background 61 2 Pharmacology 63 3 Structure???Activity Relationship (SAR) 64 4 Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism 68 5 Efficacy and Safety 69 6 Syntheses 72 7 Summary 76 8 References 76 Chapter 5. Bedaquiline (Sirturo): A Diarylquinoline that Blocks Tuberculosis ATP Synthase for the Treatment of Multi–Drug Resistant Tuberculosis 81 1 Background 81 2 Pharmacology 84 3 Structure???Activity Relationship (SAR) 85 4 Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism 86 5 Efficacy and Safety 87 6 Syntheses 88 7 References 96 PART II. CANCER 99 Chapter 6. Enzalutamide (Xtandi): An Androgen Receptor Antagonist for Late–Stage Prostate Cancer 101 1 Background 101 2 Pharmacology 103 3 Structure???Activity Relationship (SAR) 104 4 Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism 108 5 Efficacy and Safety 109 6 Synthesis 111 7 Compounds in Development 114 8 References 115 Chapter 7. Crizotinib (Xalkori): The First–in–Class ALK/ROS Inhibitor for Non–small Cell Lung Cancer 119 1 Background: Non–small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Treatment 119 2 Discovery Medicinal Chemistry Effort: SAR and Lead Optimization of Compound 2 as a c–Met Inhibitor 120 3 ALK and ROS in Non–small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Treatment 127 4 Preclinical Model Tumor Growth Inhibition Efficacy and Pharmacology 127 5 Human Clinical Trials 128 6 Introduction to the Synthesis and Limitations of the Discovery Route to Crizotinib Analogs 129 7 Process Chemistry: Initial Improvements 131 8 Process Chemistry: Enabling Route to Crizotinib 135 9 Development of the Commercial Process 141 10 Commercial Synthesis of Crizotinib 147 11 References 152 Chapter 8. Ibrutinib (Imbruvica): The First–in–Class Btk Inhibitor for Mantle Cell Lymphoma, Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, and Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia 157 1 Background 157 2 Pharmacology 159 3 Structure???Activity Relationship (SAR) 159 4 Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism 161 5 Efficacy and Safety 161 6 Syntheses 162 7 References 164 Chapter 9. Palbociclib (Ibrance): The First–in–Class CDK4/6 Inhibitor for Breast Cancer 167 1 Background 167 2 Pharmacology 168 3 Discovery Program 169 4 Preclinical Profile of Palbociclib 175 5 Clinical Profile of Palbociclib 176 6 Early Process Development for Palbociclib 177 7 Commercial Process for Preparation of Palbociclib 192 8 References 193 PART III. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES 197 Chapter 10. Ticagrelor (Brilinta) and Dabigatran Etexilate (Pradaxa): P2Y12 Platelet Inhibitors as Anti–coagulants 199 1 Introduction 200 2 Dabigatran Etexilate 200 3 Ticagrelor 207 4 The Future 219 5 References 220 PART IV. CNS DRUGS 223 Chapter 11. Suvorexant (BELSOMRA): The First–in–Class Orexin Antagonist for Insomnia 225 1 Background 225 2 Pharmacology 229 3 Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism 230 4 Efficacy and Safety 231 5 Structure???Activity Relationship (SAR) 231 6 Synthesis 233 7 References 239 Chapter 12. Lorcaserin (Belviq): Serotonin 2C Receptor Agonist for the Treatment of Obesity 243 1 Background 243 2 Pharmacology 245 3 Structure???Activity Relationship (SAR) 246 4 Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism 248 5 Efficacy and Safety 249 6 Synthesis 250 7 References 253 Chapter 13. Fingolimod (Gilenya): The First Oral Treatment for Multiple Sclerosis 255 1 Background 255 2 Structure???Activity Relationship (SAR) 257 3 Pharmacology 259 4 Human Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism 260 5 Efficacy and Safety 261 6 Syntheses 263 7 Summary 268 8 References 269 Chapter 14. Perampanel (Fycompa): AMPA Receptor Antagonist for the Treatment of Seizure 271 1 Background 271 2 Pharmacology 273 3 Structure???Activity Relationship (SAR) 274 4 Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism 276 5 Efficacy and Safety 277 6 Syntheses 278 7 References 280 PART V. ANTI–INFLAMMATORY DRUGS 283 Chapter 15. Tofacitinib (Xeljanz): The First–in–Class JAK Inhibitor for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis 285 1 Background 285 2 Structure???Activity Relationships (SAR) 287 3 Safety, Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics 289 4 Syntheses 290 5 Development of the Commercial Manufacturing Process 292 6 References 300 PART VI. MISCELLANEOUS DRUGS 303 Chapter 16. Ivacaftor (Kalydeco): A CFTR Potentiator for the Treatment of Cystic Fibrosis 305 1 Background 305 2 Pharmacology 306 3 Structure???Activity Relationship (SAR) 307 4 Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism 308 5 Efficacy and Safety 310 6 Syntheses 311 7 References 315 Chapter 17. Febuxostat (Uloric): A Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor for the Treatment of Gout 317 1 Background 317 2 Pharmacology 319 3 Structure???Activity Relationship (SAR) 320 4 Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism 321 5 Efficacy and Safety 322 6 Syntheses 323 7 Drug in Development: Lesinurad Sodium 328 8 References 330 Index 331