内容

目次

Contents List of figures and tables Preface Introduction 1 eight preparatory notes 2 cognitive meaning and expressive meaning 3 meaning and force 4 context-dependence 5 the roles of propositions 6 compositionality, structure and understanding note 1 Naïve semantics and the language of logic 1 naïve theory: singular terms, predicates and reference 2 truth and meaning for atomic sentences 3 logical syntax and logical operators historical notes chapter summary study questions primary reading notes 2 Fregean semantics 1 two problems for naïve semantics 2 the sense-reference distinction 3 the distinction extended 4 compositionality again; the reference of a sentence 5 applying the theory 6 substitutivity and extensionality 7 the analysis of propositional attitudes 8 the objectivity of sense 9 predicate reference and the concept horse problem 10 further discussion: the context principle historical notes chapter summary study questions primary reading secondary reading notes 3 Russellian semantics 1 the task for russell 2 the theory of definite descriptions 3 Applying the theory of descriptions 4 names as disguised definite descriptions 5 knowledge by acquaintance and knowledge by description historical notes chapter summary study questions primary reading secondary reading notes 4 Russell’s Theory of Judgement, The Early Wittgenstein, and Logical Positivism propositions, facts, and russell’s theory of judgement The Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus verificationism i: ayer verificationism ii: carnap’s logical empiricism the vienna circle and the protocol debate historical notes chapter summary study questions primary reading secondary reading notes 5 Kripke on naming and necessity 1 necessity, possibility and possible worlds: a primer 2 the descriptivist paradigm 3 kripke’s objections to the description theory of proper names 4 rigid designation 5 fixing the reference i: causal chains 6 fixing the reference ii: descriptions 7 lingering issues from russell and frege 8 further discussion: intensional semantics historical notes chapter summary study questions primary reading notes 6 Context dependence, indexicality and natural kinds 1 indexicals and demonstratives 2 putnam on natural kind terms and essence 3 is meaning in the head? 4 the actual world as a context 5 two-dimensionalism: context of utterance versus circumstance of evaluation 6 further discussion: rigid designation again 7 the indispensability of indexicals 8 indexicals and fregean sense historical notes chapter summary study questions primary reading note 7 Pragmatics 1 mood and force revisited 2 speech act theory 3 implicature 4 some applications of the concept of implicature 5 presupposition; strawson’s and donnellan’s objections to russell’s theory of descriptions 6 metaphor historical notes chapter summary study questions primary reading secondary reading note 8 The propositional attitudes 1 extensionality revisited 2 referential opacity and frege on the attitudes 3 further discussion: multiple hyper-intensional embedding 4 de re and de dicto necessity 5 de re and de dicto belief 6 ralph’s predicament 7 belief attributions and explicit indexicals; belief de se 8 an implicit indexical element 9 direct reference, the attitudes, and the semantic de re historical notes chapter summary study questions primary reading notes 9 Davidson’s philosophy of language 1 methodology 2 the general form of a theory of meaning 3 the exact form of a theory of meaning 4 the empirical confirmation of a theory of meaning: radical interpretation 5 the principle of charity and the interdependence of belief and meaning historical notes chapter summary study questions primary reading secondary reading notes 10 Quine’s philosophy of language 1 quine’s naturalism 2 the jungle linguist 3 indeterminacy 4 meaning and analytic truth 5 the argument of ‘two dogmas of empiricism’ 6 quine proposes replacement, not analysis 7 the place of naturalism historical notes chapter summary study questions primary reading secondary reading 11 The Late Wittgenstein 1 language games 2 family resemblance, tools and cities 3 to follow a rule i 4 to follow a rule ii 5 private language historical notes chapter summary study questions primary reading secondary reading 12 Modern directions assertion context-relativity fictional objects inferentialism slurs chapter summary study questions primary reading secondary reading Glossary Bibliography Index