目次

Forward Preface 1 Concepts and approaches in Landscape Ecology 1.1 The historical development of landscape ecology as a science 1.2 The ecological hierarchy and the combination of levels as in landscape genetics 1.3 The spatial hierarchy of land 1.4 Fundamental concepts: landscape scale and size, pattern, process and change 1.5 The representation of the landscape and its elements Key points 2 Points as landscape elements 2.1 The different patterns 2.2 Distance methods to detect pattern 2.3 Quadrat analysis to detect pattern 2.4 Consideration of scale in nearest–neighbor analyses 2.5 Consideration of scale in quadrat analyses Key points 3 Linear elements and networks 3.1 The linear features and corridors in the landscape 3.2 Curvilinearity and fractal analysis 3.3 Linear density of networks 3.4 Spatial distribution of linear networks 3.5 A worked analysis of the spatial distribution of linear networks 3.6 A study on linear features at the European scale 3.7 The topology of the networks 3.8 Network connectivity 3.9 Connectivity indices based on topological distances between patches (nodes) Key points 4 Patches and their interactions 4.1 The importance of patch size for species diversity 4.2 The importance of patch edge and shape 4.3 The measurement of patch size and perimeter 4.4 Quantifying patch shape 4.5 An example for the use of perimeter – area relationships 4.6 Patch interior and edge 4.7 Interaction between patches and the theory of island biogeography 4.8 Interaction between patches and populations: the concept of metapopulation 4.9 Estimating the interaction between patches by the distance and size of neighbors 4.10 An example of the use of the gravity model Key points 5 The vertical dimension of landscapes 5.1 The importance of elevation illustrated for birds in the Macaronesian islands 5.2 Montane islands 5.3 The vertical dimension in aquatic systems 5.4 The vertical structure of vegetation and species diversity Key points 6 Movements through landscapes 6.1 Percolation theory 6.2 Contagion analysis and percolation 6.3 Resistence surfaces 6.4 Example of movements through landscapes Key points 7 Landscape composition, diversity and habitat selection 7.1 Measurements of diversity 7.2 Species diversity of habitats and landscapes 7.3 The habitat use diversity of species 7.4 The relationship between the species diversity of a landscape and the habitat use diversity of the species 7.5 Habitat selection 7.6 Landscape composition and diversity Key points 8 Landscape pattern: Composition and configuration 8.1 Composition and configuration represent different aspects of landscapes 8.2 Configuration assessed by patch numbers, sizes, perimeters and shapes 8.3 Edge contrast 8.4 Configuration assessed by types of cell adjacencies 8.5 Combination of landscape pattern indices 8.6 Example of uses of pattern and configuration metrics to compare landscapes Key points 9 Landscape dynamics 9.1 The dynamic nature of landscapes: disturbances and equilibrium 9.2 The two–state landscapes 9.3 Rotating landscapes 9.4 Indices for the dynamics and randomness of landscape changes 9.5 Measuring the complexity of landscape change 9.6 Simulating changes in landscape composition 9.7 Conditional landscape changes Key points 10. From landscape ecology to landscape management 10.1 Natural processes and landscape management 10.2 Transition matrices as the mathematical framework 10.3 Management of landscape composition and the transition matrix model 10.4 The use of transition matrices to incorporate changes in disturbance regimes and / or management activities 10.5 Combining spatial and temporal analysis in transition models Key points