目次

Preface. Nomenclature. 1.0 Introduction. 1.1 Brief History of Light and Optics – An Engineer’s Perspective. 1.2 Principles of Light Driven Mechanisms and Machines. 1.3 Designing Machines for the World of the Very Very Small. 1.3.1 Microtransducers: Sensors and Actuators (Interacting with the World). 1.3.2 Power, Control and Communication (Influencing the World). 1.3.3 Mechanical Micromechanisms (Structure and Form). 1.3.4 Integrated Nano and Micro Electromechanical Systems (Systems Approach). 1.3.5 Molecular Machines (How Small is Small?). 1.4 Role of Materials Engineering in Micromachine Design. 1.5 Practical Aspects of Optically Driven Microsystems. 1.6 Roadmap for this Book. 2.0 Harnessing the Forces of Light. 2.1 The Nature of Light. 2.1.1 Wave-Particle Behavior of Light. 2.1.2 Sources of Natural and Artificial Light. 2.1.3 Light Polarization. 2.1.4 Coherent and Incoherent Sources. 2.1.5 Absorption and Emission of Radiation. 2.2 Forces Generated by a Photon Stream (Radiation Pressure). 2.3 Coherent Light-Material Interactions. 2.3.1 Laser Beam Properties. 2.3.2 Shaping Laser Beams. 2.3.3 Energy Transfer: Physics of Illumination and Surface Interaction. 2.3.4 Heating, Melting and Vaporization. 2.4 Power Delivery and Machine Control Using Lasers. 3.0 Trapping, Tweezing and Manipulating Objects in a Light Beam. 3.1 Principles of Optical Scattering and Gradient Forces. 3.2 Optical Trapping and Tweezing. 3.3 Microcantilever Displacement using Optical Gradient Forces. 3.3.1 Nanomechanical Beam Resonators. 3.3.2 Photonic Switches and Circuits. 3.4 Optical Microflow Control, Mixing and Pumping. 3.4.1 Microfluidic Valves, Turbines and Pumps. 3.4.2 Microrotors Driven by Angular Momentum. 3.4.3 Microscale Paddle-Wheels3.5 Microfabrication of Optically Driven Mechanical Mechanisms. 3.5.1 Two-Photon Microfabrication of 3D Micromachines. 3.5.2 Microassembly using Optical Trapping and Tweezing. 3.6 Controlling Micromachines Using Light Beams. 4.0 Smart Materials that Respond to Light. 4.1 Materials that Exhibit Optical-to-Mechanical Energy Conversion Properties. 4.2 Photoresponsive Shape Changing Polymers. 4.2.1 Liquid Crystal Polymers. 4.2.2 Single DNA Molecular Nanomotors. 4.2.3 Molecular Photoswitch. 4.3 Optomechanical Stresses and Strains. 4.3.1 Photostrictive Materials (Photovoltaic & Inverse Piezoelectric Effects). 4.3.2 Charge Induced Surface Photomechanical Actuators. 4.3.3 Photo-induced Optical Anisotropy in ChG Films. 4.4 Photomechanical Actuation by Carbon Nanotubes 4.5 Electron Mediated Optical Microcantilever. 4.6 Advanced Intelligent Material Systems. 5.0 Optically Driven Photothermal Actuation. 5.1 Heating of Gases, Liquids and Solids with Light. 5.2 Optothermal Expansion of Fluids. 5.2.1 Ideal Gas Law (Relationship between Pressure, Volume and Temperature). 5.2.2 Flexible Membranes and Diaphragms (Indirect Optical Actuators). 5.2.3 Optofluidic Valves and Pumps. 5.2.4 Modular Opto-pneumatic Systems and Machines. 5.3 Photothermal Expansion of Phase Transformation Solids. 5.3.1 Shape Memory Alloys as Light Driven Actuators. 5.3.2 Reciprocal and Rotational Motion. 5.4 Magnetic Levitation by Temperature Sensitive Ferrites. 5.5 Photothermal Vibration of Optical Waveguides. 5.6 Engineering Requirements and Limitations of Photothermal Drive Mechanisms. 6.0 Light Driven Micro-systems and Micromachines. 6.1 Light Driven Microfluidic and Lab-on-Chip Systems. 6.1.1 Direct Manipulation of Liquids, Gels and Solids. 6.1.2 Transporting Liquid Droplets Using Opto-Electrowetting. 6.1.3 Optically Driven Proton Pumps. 6.1.4 Optical Scalpels. 6.1.5 Optical