目次

Preface. I. Introduction 1. Introduction and Overview 2. Progress in the Social Sciences: An Historical and Philosophical Perspective II. Theories of Measurement and Judgment for Rating Scales 3. Measurement Models for Rater-Mediated Assessments: A Tale of Two Research Traditions 4. Lens Models of Human Judgment for Rater-Mediated Assessments III. Foundational Areas for Rating Scales 5. Validity, Invariant Measurement, and Rater-Mediated Assessments 6. Reliability, Precision, and Errors of Measurement for Ratings 7. Fairness in Rater-Mediated Assessment: Appropriate Interpretation and Use of Ratings 8. Case Study: Evidence for the Validity, Reliability, and Fairness of Ratings on a Middle Grades Writing Assessment IV. Technical Issues and IRT Models for Ratings 9. Models for Ratings Based on Item Response Theory 10. Parameter Estimation for the Polytomous Rasch Model V. Practical Issues 11. Model-Data Fit for Polytomous Rating-Scale Models 12. Designing Rater-Mediated Assessment Systems 13. Examining Rating Scale Functioning VI. Final Word 14. Invariant Measurement with Raters and Rating Scales: Summary and Discussion