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Volume 1: Biochemistry, Physiology and Diagnostics In Memoriam: Robert P. Heaney, MD (1928-2016) In Memoriam: Milan Uskokovic, PhD (1924-2015) Section I. History, Chemistry Metabolism, Circulation & Regulation 1. Historical Overview of Vitamin D 2. Evolutionary Biology: Mysteries of Vitamin D in Fish 3. Evolution of Human Skin Color and Vitamin D 4. Photobiology of Vitamin D 5. The Activating Enzymes of Vitamin D Metabolism (25- and 1a-Hydroxylases) 6. CYP24A1: Structure, Function, and Physiological Role 7. The Vitamin D Binding Protein DBP 8. Regulation of renal and extra-renal 1a-hydroxylase Section II. Mechanism of Action 9. Genome-Wide Perspectives on Vitamin D Receptor-Meditated Control of Gene Expression in Target Cells  10. Diverse mechanisms of transcriptional regulation by the vitamin D receptor 11. Structural basis for ligand activity in VDR 12. Ligand Independent Actions of Vitamin D Receptor 13. Vitamin D and Chromatin 14. Mesenchymal Differentiation, Epigenetic Dynamics, and Interactions with VDR 15. Vitamin D and microRNAs 16. Vitamin D Sterol/VDR Conformational Dynamics and Nongenomic Actions Section III. Mineral and Bone Homeostasis 17. Vitamin D Regulation of Osteoblast Function 18. Osteoclastogenesis and Vitamin D 19. Vitamin D Activities in Osteocytes 20. Regulation of Intestinal Calcium and Phosphate Absorption 21. Calbindin-D28K and Calbindin-D9K and the Epithelial Calcium Channels TRPV5 and TRPV6 22. Calcium homeostasis and eggshell biomineralization in female chicken 23. Mineralization in Mammals 24. Cartilage 25. Vitamin D and Bone: An Integrated Approach Section IV. Extra-Skeletal Targets 26. Vitamin D and the Kidney 27. Vitamin D and the Parathyroids 28. The Calcium-sensing Receptor and Vitamin D 29. Vitamin D in Dentoalveolar and Oral Health 30. The Role of Vitamin D and its Receptor in Hair Follicle Biology 31. Vitamin D, Calcium and the Epidermis 32. Vitamin D and the Cardiovascular System 33. Vitamin D Brain Development and Function 34. Vitamin D, VDR and Adipose Tissue: Focus on Cellular Mechanisms 35. Vitamin D and Skeletal Muscle 36. Understanding Vitamin D from mouse knockout models Section V. Human Physiology 37. Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics 38. Vitamin D Role in the Calcium and Phosphorus Economies 39. Fetus, Neonate and Infant 40. Consequences of perinatal vitamin D deficiency on later bone health 41. Adolescence and Acquisition of Peak Bone Mass 42. Pregnancy, Lactation, and Post-Weaning Recovery 43. Role in Reproductive Biology and Reproductive Dysfunction in Women 44. Vitamin D, reproductive biology, and dysfunction in men 45. Vitamin D and the Renin-Angiotensin System 46. Parathyroid Hormone, Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein, and Calcitonin 47. FGF23 Counter Regulatory Hormone for Vitamin D Actions on Mineral Metabolism, Hemodynamics, and L. Darryl Quarles Section VI. Diagnosis and Management 48. Approach to the Patient with Metabolic Bone Disease 49. Detection of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D in Human Serum using Receptor Assisted Chemiluminescent Hormone Assay (REACH) Technology 50. Mass Spectrometry Assays of Vitamin D Metabolites 51. Free Vitamin D: Concepts, Assays, Outcomes and Prospects 52. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Assays: Standardization Guidelines, Problems and Interpretation 53. Bone Histomorphometry 54. Radiology of Rickets and Osteomalcia 55. High-resolution Imaging Techniques for Bone Quality Assessment 56. The Role of Vitamin D in Orthopedic Surgery 57a. The IOM-Endocrine Society Controversy on Recommended Vitamin D Targets: In Support of the IOM Position 57b. The IOM-Endocrine Society Controversy on Recommended Vitamin D Targets: In Support of the Endocrine Society Position