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SKULL AND BRAIN Scalp, Skull Anatomically Based Differentials Skull Normal Variants Scalp Mass, Child Scalp Mass, Adult Congenital Anomalies of Skull Base Sellar/Parasellar Mass With Skull Base Invasion Generic Imaging Patterns "Hair on End" Thick Skull, Generalized Thick Skull, Localized Thin Skull, Generalized Thin Skull, Localized Lytic Skull Lesion, Solitary Multiple Lucent Skull Lesions Sclerotic Skull Lesion, Solitary Sclerotic Skull Lesions, Multiple Clinically Based Differentials Macrocephaly Microcephaly Meninges Anatomically Based Differentials Dural Calcification(s) Dural-Based Mass, Solitary Dural-Based Masses, Multiple Falx Lesions Generic Imaging Patterns Thick Dura/Arachnoid, Generalized Pial Enhancement Dural Tail Sign Ventricles, Periventricular Regions Anatomically Based Differentials Ventricles, Normal Variants Choroid Plexus Lesions, Child Choroid Plexus Lesions, Adult Ependymal/Subependymal Lesions Lateral Ventricle Mass Thick Septum Pellucidum Foramen of Monro Mass 3rd Ventricle Mass, Anterior 3rd Ventricle Mass, Body/Posterior Cerebral Aqueduct/Periaqueductal Lesion 4th Ventricle Mass, Child 4th Ventricle Mass, Adult Generic Imaging Patterns Bubbly Appearing Intraventricular Mass Ependymal Enhancement Large Ventricles Small Ventricles Asymmetric Lateral Ventricles Irregular Lateral Ventricles Periventricular Enhancing Lesions Modality-Specific Imaging Findings Intraventricular Calcification(s) Periventricular Calcification(s) Periventricular T2/FLAIR Hyperintense Lesions Extraaxial Spaces and Subarachnoid Cisterns Anatomically Based Differentials Cistern, Subarachnoid Space Normal Variants Epidural Mass Enlarged Sulci, Generalized Effaced Sulci, Generalized Interhemispheric Fissure Cysts CPA Mass, Adult Cystic CPA Mass Prepontine Cistern Mass Ventral Foramen Magnum Mass Dorsal Foramen Magnum Mass Generic Imaging Patterns Solitary Enhancing Cranial Nerve Multiple Enhancing Cranial Nerves CSF-Like Extraaxial Fluid Collection Convexal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage CSF-Like Extraaxial Mass Sulcal/Cisternal Enhancement Fat in Sulci/Cisterns/Ventricles Pneumocephalus Modality-Specific Imaging Findings Extraaxial Flow Voids T1 Hyperintense CSF FLAIR Hyperintense Sulci T2 Hypointense Extraaxial Lesions Hyperdense CSF Hyperdense Extraaxial Mass(es) Hypodense Extraaxial Mass(es) Brain Parenchyma, General Generic Imaging Patterns Multiple Enhancing Lesions, General Ring-Enhancing Lesion, Solitary Ring-Enhancing Lesion, Multiple Solitary Cystic Parenchymal Mass, General CSF-Like Parenchymal Lesion(s) Cyst With Nodule Fat and Fat-Like Lesion(s) Modality-Specific Imaging Findings Solitary Parenchymal Calcification Multiple Parenchymal Calcifications Solitary Hyperdense Parenchymal Lesion Multiple Hyperdense Parenchymal Lesions Solitary Hypodense Parenchymal Lesion Multiple Hypodense Parenchymal Lesions Multiple Brain Hyperintensities (T2/FLAIR), Common Multiple Brain Hyperintensities (T2/FLAIR), Less Common Multiple Brain Hyperintensities (T2/FLAIR), Rare but Important Multiple Hypointense Foci on T2 Multiple Hypointense Foci on GRE/SWI T1/T2 Hyperintense Parenchymal Lesions T1 Hypointense, T2 Hyperintense Parenchymal Lesions T1/T2 Isointense Parenchymal Lesions Restricted Diffusion, General Restricted Diffusion, Cortex Restricted Diffusion, Basal Ganglia T1 Hyperintense Parenchymal Lesion(s) Clinically Based Differentials Brain Tumor in Newborn/Infant Brain Tumor in Child > 1 Year Epilepsy, Child Epilepsy, Adult Supratentorial Brain Parenchyma Anatomically Based Differentials Asymmetric Cerebral Hemispheres Thick Cortex Thin Cortex Focal Cortical Mass Cortical Hyperintensity T2/FLAIR Cortical Enhancement Solitary White Matter Lesion Confluent White Matter Lesions Thin Corpus Callosum Abnormal Shape/Configuration of Corpus Callosum Corpus Callosum Holes Corpus Callosum Lesion Without Mass Effect Corpus Callosum Mass Corpus Callosum Splenium Lesion Medial Temporal Lobe Lesion Hippocampal Lesion Basal Ganglia Calcification Hyperdense Basal Ganglia Hypodense Basal Ganglia T1 Hyperintense Basal Ganglia T2 Hyperintense Basal Ganglia Enlarged Perivascular Spaces Perivascular Space Enhancing Lesions Bilateral Basal Ganglia Lesions Putamen Lesion(s) Globus Pallidus Lesion(s) Unilateral Thalamic Lesion Bithalamic Lesions Pulvinar Sign Tectal (Quadrigeminal Plate) Lesion Infratentorial Brain Parenchyma Anatomically Based Differentials Large Brainstem Small Brainstem T2 Hyperintense Brainstem, Focal T2 Hyperintense Brainstem, Diffuse Midbrain Lesion Pontine Lesion Medulla Lesion Middle Cerebellar Peduncle Lesion(s) Cerebellar Atrophy Cerebellar Hemisphere Mass Vermis Mass Low Cerebellar Tonsils Generic Imaging Patterns Cystic-Appearing Posterior Fossa Lesion Clinically Based Differentials Posterior Fossa Neoplasm, Adult Posterior Fossa Neoplasm, Pediatric Sella/Juxtasellar, Pineal Region Anatomically Based Differentials Pineal Region Mass, General Pineal Gland Mass Quadrigeminal Cistern Mass Pineal + Suprasellar Lesions Sella/Pituitary Normal Variants Sellar/Juxtasellar Calcification Enlarged Pituitary Gland Intrasellar Lesion Cystic Intrasellar Mass Suprasellar Mass, Child Suprasellar Mass, Adult Suprasellar Cystic Mass Calcified Suprasellar Mass Enhancing Suprasellar Mass Absent/Thin Infundibular Stalk Thick Infundibular Stalk Hypothalamus Lesion Modality-Specific Imaging Findings Hyperdense Suprasellar Mass T1 Hyperintense Suprasellar Mass Arteries Anatomically Based Differentials Multifocal Arterial Narrowing Vessel Wall Abnormalities Fusiform Arterial Enlargement Modality-Specific Imaging Findings Hyperattenuating ("Dense") Artery Veins, Venous Sinuses Anatomically Based Differentials Dural Sinus Lesion, General Enlarged Cortical Veins Enlarged Deep (Medullary/Ependymal) Veins Unilateral Cavernous Sinus Mass Bilateral Cavernous Sinus Lesions Meckel Cave Lesion Modality-Specific Imaging Findings Hyperdense Dural Sinus GRE/SWI Venous Abnormalities Cranial Nerves Clinically Based Differentials Hemifacial Spasm Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Adult Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Child Monocular Vision Loss Bitemporal Heteronymous Hemianopsia Homonymous Hemianopsia Oculomotor, Trochlear, or Abducens Neuropathy Trigeminal Neuralgia Complex Cranial Nerve IX-XII Neuropathy Horner Syndrome SPINE Transspatial Anatomically Based Differentials Cervical, Chronic Posttraumatic Abnormality Cervical, Lower, Posttraumatic Bony Abnormality Thoracic Bony Trauma Lumbar Bony Trauma Generic Imaging Patterns Scoliosis Kyphosis Kyphoscoliosis, Child Platyspondyly, Diffuse Sacral Mass, Adult Sacrococcygeal Mass, Pediatric Sacral Deformity Clinically Based Differentials Acute Back Pain/Radiculopathy, Postoperative Chronic Back Pain/Radiculopathy, Postoperative Acute Upper Extremity Pain/Weakness Lower Extremity Pain Back Pain, Adult Back Pain, Pediatric Craniovertebral Junction Anatomically Based Differentials Craniocervical Junction Acute Injury CVJ Abnormality, General Craniovertebral Junction Soft Tissue Abnormality Generic Imaging Patterns C1-C2 Instability Odontoid Deformity Vertebral Body, Posterior Elements Anatomically Based Differentials Congenital Vertebral Anomalies Cervical Bony Fusion Generic Imaging Patterns Flattened Vertebral Body, Solitary Flattened Vertebral Body, Multiple Dysmorphic Vertebral Body Enlarged Vertebral Body/Posterior Element Enlarged Neural Foramen Vertebral Body Scalloping/Widened Canal Spondylolisthesis Bony Lesion, Aggressive Fracture, Vertebral Body Facet Abnormality, Nontraumatic Fracture, Posterior Element Pedicle Abnormality Modality-Specific Imaging Findings Enlarged Vertebral Body, Soap Bubble Expansion Vertebral Body Sclerosis, Focal Vertebral Body Sclerosis, Diffuse Vertebral Body Thickened Bony Trabeculae Vertebral Body, T1 Hyperintense Signal, Diffuse Vertebral Body, T1 Hyperintense Signal, Focal Vertebral Body, T1 Hypointense Signal, Diffuse Vertebral Body, T1 Hypointense Signal, Focal Intervertebral Disc, Endplate Generic Imaging Patterns Disc Contour Abnormality Intervertebral Disc/Endplate Irregularity Vertebral Endplate Contour Abnormality Modality-Specific Imaging Findings Intervertebral Disc, T1 Hypointense Intervertebral Disc, T2 Hyperintense Vertebral Endplate Signal Abnormality Extradural Anatomically Based Differentials Epidural Mass, Spine Ventral/Lateral Paraspinal Mass Generic Imaging Patterns Paraspinal Muscle Abnormality Extradural Lesions, Multiple Extradural Lesion, No Enhancement Extradural Lesion, Solid Enhancement Modality-Specific Imaging Findings Soft Tissue Calcification, Paraspinal Extradural, Normal Marrow Signal Extradural, Abnormal Marrow Signal Extradural Lesion, T1 Hyperintense Extradural Lesion, T1 Hypointense Extradural Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, T1 Isointense Extradural Lesion, T2 Hypointense, T1 Hypointense Clinically Based Differentials Lumbar Soft Tissue Mass, Pediatric Intradural Extramedullary Anatomically Based Differentials Cauda Equina Enhancement, Diffuse Subarachnoid Space Narrowing Intradural Extramedullary, Leptomeningeal Enhancement Generic Imaging Patterns Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, No Enhancement Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, Solid Enhancement Intradural Lesion, Serpentine Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, Multiple Modality-Specific Imaging Findings Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, Ring/Peripheral Enhancement Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, T1 Hyperintense Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, T1 Hypointense Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, T1 Hypointense, T2 Hypointense Intradural Extramedullary Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, T1 Isointense" Clinically Based Differentials Cauda Equina Syndrome Intramedullary Anatomically Based Differentials Intramedullary Mass Conus Abnormality Generic Imaging Patterns Cord, Small/Atrophic Intramedullary Lesions, Multiple Intramedullary Lesion, Solid Enhancement Intramedullary Lesion, No Enhancement Intramedullary Lesion, Diffuse/Ill-Defined Enhancement Intramedullary Lesion, Ring/Peripheral Enhancement Modality-Specific Imaging Findings Intramedullary Lesion, T1 Hypointense, T2 Hypointense Intramedullary Lesion, T1 Hypointense Intramedullary Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, T1 Isointense Intramedullary Lesion, T1 Hyperintense Cord Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, Ventral Cord Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, Dorsal Cord Lesion, T2 Hyperintense, Central Clinically Based Differentials Myelopathy