目次

1 Introduction 2 Mechanism of failure in rock engineering structures and its influencing factors 2.1 Rock, discontinuities, and rock mass 2.1.1 Rocks 2.1.2 Origin of discontinuities in rock and their mechanical behavior 2.1.3 Rock mass and its mechanical behavior 2.2 Modes of instability about underground openings 2.3 Modes of instability of slopes 2.4 Modes of instability of foundations 3 Design philosophy of rock support and rock reinforcement 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Empirical design methods 3.2.1 Rock Quality Designation (RQD) method 3.2.2 Rock Mass Rating (RMR) 3.2.3 Q-system (rock tunneling quality index) 3.2.4 Rock Mass Quality Rating (RMQR) 3.3 Analytical approach 3.3.1 Hydrostatic in situ stress state 3.3.2 Non-hydrostatic in situ stress state 3.4 Numerical methods 3.5 Methods for stabilization against local instabilities 3.5.1 Estimation of suspension loads 3.5.2 Sliding loads 3.5.3 Loads due to flexural toppling 3.6 Integrated and unified method of design 3.7 Considerations on the philosophy of support and reinforcement design of rock slopes 3.7.1 Empirical design systems 3.7.2 Kinematic approach 3.7.3 Integrated stability assessment and design system for rock slopes 3.8 Considerations on philosophy of support design of pylons 3.8.1 Geological, geophysical, and mechanical investigations 3.8.2 Specification of material properties 3.9 Considerations on the philosophy of foundation design of dams and bridges 4 Rockbolts (rockanchors) 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Rockbolt/rockanchor materials and their mechanical behaviors 4.2.1 Yield/failure criteria of rockbolts 4.2.2 Constitutive modeling of rockbolt material 4.3 Characteristics and material behavior of bonding annulus 4.3.1 Push-out/pull-out tests 4.3.2 Shear tests 4.4 Axial and shear reinforcement effects of bolts in continuum 4.4.1 Contribution to the deformational moduli of the medium 4.4.2 Contribution to the strength of the medium 4.4.3 Improvement of apparent mechanical properties of rock and confining pressure effect 4.5 Axial and shear reinforcement effects of bolts in medium with discontinuities 4.5.1 Increment of the tensile resistance of a discontinuity plane by a rockbolt 4.5.2 Increment of the shear resistance of a discontinuity plane by a rockbolt 4.5.3 Response of rockbolts to movements at/along discontinuities 4.6 Estimation of the cyclic yield strength of interfaces for pull-out capacity 4.7 Estimation of the yield strength of interfaces in boreholes 4.8 Pull-out capacity 4.8.1 Constitutive equations 4.8.2 Governing equations 4.9 Simulation of pull-out tests 4.10 Mesh bolting 4.10.1 Evaluation of elastic modulus of reinforced medium 4.10.2 Evaluation of tensile strength of reinforced medium 5 Support members 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Shotcrete 5.2.1 Historical background 5.2.2 Experiments on shotcrete 5.2.3 Constitutive modeling 5.2.4 Structural modeling of shotcrete 5.3 Concrete liners 5.3.1 Historical background 5.3.2 Mechanical behavior of concrete 5.3.3 Constitutive modeling of concrete 5.3.4 Structural modeling 5.4 Steel liners and steel ribs/sets 5.4.1 Steel liners 5.4.2 Steel ribs/sets 5.4.3 Constitutive modeling 5.4.4 Structural modeling 6 Finite element modeling of reinforcement/support system 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Modeling reinforcement systems: rockbolts 6.2.1 Mechanical modeling of steel bar 6.2.2 Mechanical modeling of grout annulus 6.2.3 Finite element formulation of rockbolt element 6.3 Finite element modeling of shotcrete 6.4 Finite element modeling of steel ribs/sets or shields 6.5 Finite element analysis of support and reinforcement systems 6.6 Discrete finite element method (DFEM-BOLT) for the analysis of support and reinforcement systems 6.6.1 Mechanical modeling 6.6.2 Finite element modeling 6.6.3 Finite element modeling of block contacts 6.6.4 Considerations of support and reinforcement system 7 Applications to underground structures 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Analytical approach 7.2.1 Solutions for hydrostatic in situ stress state for support system and fully grouted rockbolts 7.2.2 Solutions for hydrostatic in situ stress state for pre-stressed rockanchors 7.2.3 Analytical solutions for non-hydrostatic in situ stress state 7.3 Numerical analyses on the reinforcement and support effects in continuum 7.3.1 Effect of bolt spacing 7.3.2 Effect of the magnitude of the allowed displacement before the installation of the bolts 7.3.3 Effect of elastic modulus of the surrounding rock 7.3.4 Effect of equipping rockbolts with bearing plates 7.3.5 Effect of bolting pattern 7.3.6 Applications to actual tunnel excavations 7.3.7 Comparison of reinforcement effects of rockbolts and shotcrete 7.3.8 Application to Tawarazaka Tunnel 7.4 Mesh bolting in compressed air energy storage schemes 7.4.1 Analytical solution 7.4.2 Applications 7.5 Reinforcement effects of rockbolts in discontinuum 7.5.1 Reinforcement against separation: suspension effect 7.5.2 Pillars: shear reinforcement of a discontinuity by a rockbolt 7.5.3 Shear reinforcement against bending and beam building effect 7.5.4 Reinforcement against flexural and columnar toppling failure 7.5.5 Reinforcement against sliding 7.5.6 Arch formation effect 7.6 Support of subsea tunnels 7.7 Reinforcement and support of shafts 7.8 Special form of rock support: backfilling of abandoned room and pillar mines 7.8.1 Short-term experiments 7.8.2 Long-term experiments 7.8.3 Verification of the effect of backfilling through in situ monitoring 7.8.4 Analysis of backfilling of abandoned mines 8 Reinforcement and support of rock slopes 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Reinforcement against planar sliding 8.2.1 Finite element analysis 8.2.2 Physical model experiments 8.2.3 Discrete finite element analyses 8.3 Reinforcement against flexural toppling failure 8.3.1 Limit equilibrium method 8.3.2 Finite element method 8.3.3 Discrete finite element analyses 8.4 Reinforcement against columnar toppling failure 8.4.1 Physical model experiments 8.4.2 Discrete finite element analyses 8.5 Reinforcement against combined sliding and shearing 8.5.1 Formulation 8.5.2 Stabilization 8.5.3 Applications 8.6 Physical model tests on the stabilization effect of rockbolts and shotcrete on discontinuous rock slopes using tilting frame apparatus 3128.6.1 Model materials and their properties 8.6.2 Apparatuses and testing procedure 8.6.3 Test cases 8.6.4 Results and discussions 8.7 Stabilization of slope against buckling failure 9 Foundations 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Foundations under tension 9.2.1 Pylons 9.2.2 Design of anchorages 9.2.3 Suspension bridges 9.3 Foundations under compressions 9.3.1 Base foundations 9.3.2 Cylindrical sockets (piles) 10 Dynamics of rock reinforcement and rock support 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Dynamic response of point-anchored rockbolt model under impulsive load 10.3 Dynamic response of yielding rockbolts under impulsive load 10.4 Turbine induced vibrations in an underground powerhouse 10.5 Dynamic behavior of rockbolts and rockanchors subjected to shaking 10.5.1 Model tests on rockanchors restraining potentially unstable rock block at sidewall of underground openings 10.5.2 Model tests on rockanchors restraining potentially unstable rock block in roof of underground openings 10.6 Planar sliding of rock slope models 10.7 A theoretical approach for evaluating axial forces in rockanchors subjected to shaking and its applications to model tests 10.8 Application of the theoretical approach to rockanchors of an underground powerhouse subjected to turbine-induced shaking 10.9 Model tests on fully grouted rockbolts restraining a potentially unstable rock block against sliding 10.10 Excavations 10.10.1 Unbolted circular openings 10.10.2 Bolted circular openings 10.11 Dynamic response of rockbolts and steel ribs during blasting 11 Corrosion, degradation, and nondestructive testing 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Corrosion and its assessment 11.2.1 The principle of iron corrosion 11.2.2 Factors controlling corrosion rate 11.2.3 Experiments on corrosion rate of rockbolts 11.2.4 Observations of iron bolts at Koseto hot spring discharge site 11.2.5 Corrosion of iron at Ikejima Seashore 11.2.6 Corrosion of deformed bar at Tekkehamam hot spring site 11.2.7 Corrosion of an iron bar at Moyeuvre abandoned iron mine and its investigation by X-ray CT scanning technique 11.2.8 Simulation of corrosion 11.2.9 Effect of corrosion on the physico-mechanical properties of tendon 11.2.10 Estimation of failure time of tendons 11.3 Effect of degradation of support system 11.4 Nondestructive testing for soundness evaluation 11.4.1 Impact waves for nondestructive testing of rockbolts and rockanchors 11.4.2 Guided ultrasonic wave method 11.4.3 Magneto-elastic sensor method 11.4.4 Lift-off testing technique 11.5 Conclusions 12 Conclusions Bibliography Index