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I. WHAT IS SO SPECIAL ABOUT THE NANOSCALE? Is It Hype? Should We Wait for the Picoscale? II. WORKING IN THE NANOWORLD/ PHYSICS AND THE NANOSCALE The Role of Quantum Concepts The Role of Physical Optics Thermodynamics at the Nanoscale III. WORKING IN THE NANOWORLD/ CHEMISTRY AND THE NANOSCALE Quantum Chemistry Bonding at the Nanoscale Surface Energy Hydrophobicity, Hydrophilicity Safety Issues IV. WORKING IN THE NANOWORLD/ MATERIALS SCIENCE AND THE NANOSCALE Thermodynamics – Phase Diagrams Crystalline, Nanocrystalline and Amorphous Materials Impact of Nanoscale on Material Properties Inorganic Nanoparticles and Films Organic Nanoparticles and Films Block Co–Polymers Carbon Forms: Bucky Balls, Nanotubes, Graphene Other Nanotube Materials Graphene–Like Materials Nanostructured Composites Magnetic Phenomena Photonic Crystals Plasmonic Materials Light Absorbers Intelligent Coatings V. WORKING IN THE NANOWORLD/ BIOLOGY AND THE NANOSCALE Basic Assembly/Functioning at the Level of Living Things Scale Matching Function Matching Safety Issues VI. WORKING IN THE NANOWORLD/ SYNTHESIS AND FABRICATION Introduction Synthesis Particle and Surface Functionalization Top–Down Technologies: Lithography, Chemical, Particle and Photon Beam Additive and Subtractive Techniques Bottom–Up Technologies: Block Co–Polymers, Sol Gels, Self–Assembly, Virus Assembly, Bacterium Assembly VII. WORKING IN THE NANOWORLD/ CHARACTERIZATION AT THE NANOSCALE Introduction Scanning Probe Microscopy Photon and Particle Microscopy X–Ray and Electron Diffraction Photon and Particle Chemical Characterization Techniques Synchrotron Radiation and Neutron Techniques VIII. APPLICATIONS AT THE NANOSCALE Introduction: the Promise Is Coming to Fruition Nanotechnology in Medicine and Biology Nanotechnology in Agriculture and Food Nanotechnology and the Environment Nanotechnology in Electronics, Spintronics, Opto–Electronics, and Photonics Nanotechnology in Sensing Nanotechnology in Transport Technology Nanotechnology in Energy Production and Storage Nanotechnology and Informatics IX. THE INDUSTRIAL AND ECONOMIC CHALLENGES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY X. INNOVATIVE AND RESPONSIBLE GOVERNANCE OF NANOTECHNOLOGY: SOCIAL, ETHICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND HEALTH IMPLICATION XI. FUTURE VISION AND PERSPECTIVES