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List of illustrations xi List of tables xvii List of boxes xviii About the authors xx Acknowledgments xxi Walk-through tour xxiii Part I The foundations 5 1 Cities as places and spaces 6 Cities as places 9 Exploring further 1.1 11 Identity, community, and security 14 Places as the site of our identity 14 Places as the site of community 15 Places as sites of security 16 Studying the city 1.1 17 Human beings make and remake places 17 Place and space 20 Studying the city 1.2 21 Making the city better 1.1 24 Cities shape the fates of human beings 25 Cities and people 26 2 Social theories of urban space and place: The early perspectives 28 The social and theoretical roots of modern urban theory 29 Studying the city 2.1 31 Ferdinand Tonnies: Community and society 32 Georg Simmel: The metropolis and mental life 33 Tonnies and Simmel: Further reflections 35 The Chicago School of Sociology 38 The city as social space 39 The city, social change, and social order 40 Studying the city 2.2 42 Life in the city as a way of life 44 Making the city better 2.1 46 Early social theories of urban life 47 3 Social theories of urban space and place: Perspectives in the post-World War II era 49 Theoretical descendents of Marx 50 Manuel Castells and the urban question 50 David Harvey: Injustice and inequality in the city 51 John Logan and Harvey Molotch: The city as a growth machine 53 Making the city better 3.1 54 Making the city better 3.2 56 Further reflections: Marx and the critique of modern cities 57 The return to place and the turn to culture 58 Jane Jacobs and the discovery of community in the modern metropolis 58 Studying the city 3.1 59 Sharon Zukin and the turn to culture 61 Exploring further 3.1 63 Going global: The 1980s and the creation of the global city 66 Evaluating theories of the city 69 4 Methods and rules for the study of cities 72 First rules for doing a social science of cities 74 The rule of validity 74 The rule of reliability 76 Exploring further 4.1 77 Cities and the question of numbers 78 Studying the city 4.1 79 The city as a case study 80 The city as the typical case 82 The city as a prototypical case 85 Ethnographic and historical case studies 87 Ethnographic case studies 87 Studying the city 4.2 89 Historical case studies 90 From one to multiple cases 91 Studying the city 4.3 94 A last but very important rule on doing a good social science of cities: Fitting good theory to good methods 94 And what about insight? 95 Part II The changing metropolis 99 5 The metropolis and its expansion: Early insights and basic principles 100 Metropolitan growth: Basic features 102 The metropolis and its expansion 104 The center of the city 105 The zone of transition 106 The zone of commuters 106 Assessing the concentric zone theory 106 The natural areas of the city 107 Alternative views of the city 107 Studying the city 5.1 108 The mobility of people and groups in the metropolis 109 Social differences and migration in the metropolis 109 Exploring further 5.1? 110 Migration and the expansion of the metropolis 113 The metropolitan center and its links to the hinterlands 115 Human agents and social institutions in the expansion of the metropolis 116 Studying the city 5.2 117 Making the city better 5.1 120 Planning and metropolitan development (new) Urban growth, institutions, and human agents 121 6 The origins and development of suburbs 123 What is a suburb? Definitions and variations 125 Alternative suburban forms 127 A brief history of suburban development 129 The original suburbs 129 Culture and the demand for suburban living 131 Making the city better 6.1 133 Exploring further 6.1 134 Early suburban diversity 135 Transportation technologies and suburban expansion 136 Making the city better 6.2 139 The role of policy in suburban expansion 140 The mass production of US suburbs 142 Changes and challenges in contemporary suburbs 144 Privatization and gated communities 144 The varied fates of older suburbs 147 Suburbs as places 149 Studying the city 6.1 151 7 Changing metropolitan landscapes after World War II 154 Los Angeles: The prototype of the postwar metropolis 156 Exploring further 7.1 160 The changing metropolitan order 162 The decline of older industrial cities 162 The rise of the postindustrial/postmodern metropolitan regions 163 The importance of transportation, again 164 The remaking of places and spaces: The profound human and political consequences 165 Making the city better 7.1 166 The emerging global economy: A brief overview 168 Studying the city 7.1 171 People, place, and space in a global world 173 Part III The metropolis and social inequalities 177 8 The early metropolis as a place of inequality 178 Colonial cities as unequal places 180 Early urban diversity 182 Cities of immigrants 184 Immigrant lives: New York?fs Five Points 185 Studying the city 8.1 189 The Five Points case in context 190 Early reform and intervention efforts 193 Making the American ghetto 193 Integrated beginnings 193 Making the city better 8.1 194 New neighbors, new tensions 195 The perpetuation and implications of black ghettos 196 Studying the city 8.2 197 Exploring further 8.1 199 The significance of urban diversity and inequality 201 9 Inequality and diversity in the post-World War II metropolis 204 Inequality and the metropolis 205 Poverty and race 205 Exploring further 9.1 207 Poverty and homelessness 209 Making the city better 9.1 211 Gentrification and the remaking of the metropolis 212 Exploring further 9.2 214 Studying the city 9.1 216 Social diversity and the transformed metropolis 217 The new immigration and the transformation of the metropolis 217 Europe 217 The United States and Canada 219 Reconstructing the contemporary metropolis 221 New ethnic enclaves 221 LGBT neighborhoods 2xx Studying the city 9.2 224 Other dimensions of urban diversity 226 Making the city better 9.2? 227 The Western metropolis in flux 228 10 Power, authority, and cities as contested spaces States and markets 2xx The changing global economy 2xx Exploring further 10.1 (supplied) 2xx Cities today as contested spaces 2xx The nature of local governance and politics 2xx Studying the city 10.1 (Forms of municipal government in the U.S.) 2xx Local authorities and marginalized peoples 2xx African-Americans and local authorities 2xx The homeless and local authorities 2xx The very poor and local authorities 2xx Contesting mistreatment by local authorities: Resistance and aid 2xx Making the city better 10.1 2xx Major contests over deep meanings and spaces in the metropolis 2xx Jerusalem: The quintessential contested city 2xx Diagram here of Jerusalem today 2xx The contested spaces of Berlin Pictures of divided Berlin in 1961, and reunified Berlin in 1990 2xx Photo of Bernstein?fs Celebration of Reunification in 1989 when he came to Berlin to conduct Beethoven?fs Ninth Symphony that he renamed ?gOde to Freedom?h) Conclusion Part IV The metropolis in the developing world 331 11 Urbanization and cities in developing countries 232 Urbanization: The basic path and its impact on place 233 Developing-country cities in historical perspective 235 Studying the city 11.1 236 The basic dimensions of urbanization 237 Urban hierarchy 237 Urban primacy 239 Over-urbanization versus under-urbanization 239 Studying the city 11.2 241 Natural increase and in-migration 242 From process and system to place 243 A basic profile with multiple wrinkles 243 Megacities as places: Opportunities and challenges 245 Size, density, and diversity 245 Creating wealth and sustaining poverty 246 Exploring further 11.1 250 Making the city better 11.1 251 The developing megacity as a lived place 252 Making the city better 11.2 255 Governing the megacities 255 Studying the city 11.3 256 Reassessing the developing city 258 12 Cities in the global economy 261 Cities in a globalizing world: Theoretical background 262 Emerging cities in the global economy 264 Yiwu, China 264 Rajarhat, India 265 Further Reflections on Yiwu 268 Re-emerging cities in the global economy 269 Berlin, Germany: A once-prosperous, then challenged, and now re-emerging local culture 269 Shanghai, China: Local change in a rising renaissance city 271 Moving more deeply into the global economy 275 Dongguan, china: A place transformed from a rural township into a global factory-city 275 Studying the city 12.1 278 Dubai, United Arab Emirates: From desert to urban miracle to mirage 279 Cities in a fully networked global economy 281 The regional dimension and mediation of cities 281 Becoming globally networked 284 Exploring further 12.1 285 Interdependence between cities and the global economy 287 Studying the city 12.2 288 Systematic constraint and individual flexibility 289 The Global restructuring of cities 290 Making the city better 12.1 291 Part V Challenges of today and the metropolis of the future 295 13 Urban environments and sustainability 296 Making use of nature 297 Natural attributes and urban development 297 Interpreting and manipulating nature 298 Studying the city 13.1 301 Inviting ?gdisaster?h 302 Why rebuild? 303 Urban environments 307 Local environmental concerns 308 Making the city better 13.1 308 Environment and inequality 310 Making the city better 13.2 311 Global environmental concerns 312 Urbanization?fs environmental impacts 313 Cities and climate change 313 Addressing environmental issues: Toward sustainability 315 Exploring further 13.1 317 14 The remaking and future of cities 321 Between place and space: Reinforcing a theoretical vision 322 Remaking cities from above and at critical moments 324 The crisis of Detroit 324 The remaking of Detroit 326 Making the city better 14.1 327 Place-remaking on a larger scale 328 Daily place-remaking from below 330 Remaking neighborhoods and communit