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PrefaceAuthor: Mithat Gönen – chief of biostatistics department of Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center – NY – USA.Background of scientific method in oncologyAuthor: Vinícius Vazquez – Surgical oncologist – Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, BrazilWriting a hypothesis for a oncology studyAuthor: Felipe Fregni, Harvard Medical SchoolType of variables and distributionsAuthor: Gregory Pond, MacMaster, Hamilton, ON, CanadaTesting measures of associationAuthor: To be definedSample size calculation for oncology trialsAuthor: Ulrich Güller, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, 9007, St Gallen, Switzerland. ulrich.gueller@kssg.chUni and multivariate analysis (understanding of regressions) in cancer researchAuthor: Marc Buyse, EORTC Survival analyses in cancer trialsAuthor: Daniel Sargent, Mayo ClinicThe role of transversal and cohort studies in oncologyAuthor: To be definedDesign of retrospective and case-control studies in oncologyAuthor: To be definedMinimizing differences by randomizationAuthor: To be definedHow to design phase I trials in oncologyAuthor: Lillian Siu, Princess Margert Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada ou Carlos Gil, INCAThe many different designs of phase II oncology trialsAuthor: Gilberto de Castro e Paulo Hoff?Superiority and non-inferiority phase III oncology trialsAuthors: Everardo Saad, (affiliation TBD)Phase IV oncology trials Author:Analysis of graphs in clinical cancer researchAuthor: Raphael Araujo – Upper GI and HPB Surgery department;  Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, SP, BrazilIdentifying biases in clinical cancer researchAuthor: Rachel Riechelmann, Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo, Universidade de São PauloEthics in clinical cancer researchAuthor: Rodrigo GuidaliniCost-effectiveness studies in oncologyAuthor: Ian Tannock, Princess Margert Hospital, Toronto, ON, CanadaHow to undertake outcomes research in oncologyAuthor: Christopher Booth,  NCI Canada, Kingston, ONSystematic review and meta-analysis of oncology studiesAuthor: André SasseMeta-research in oncologyAuthor: Everardo SaadAnalysis of quality of life and patient-reported outcomes in oncologyAuthor: Janette Vardy, University of Sidney, AustraliaExercisesCommented answersGlossary