目次

NON-CHORDATE-DEUTEROSOMIA ECHINODERMATA Introduction Taxonomy and Structural Diversity Distribution, Locomotion and Dispersal Population Density and Microhabitats Energy Budget and Reproduction Gonad Index and Fecundity Egg Size and its Implications Larval Development and Thyroid Hormones Brooding and Viviparity Size and Life Span Fisheries and Aquaculture Introduction Capture Fisheries Aquaculture Sexual Reproduction Introduction Sexuality Gonochorism Parthenogenesis Hermaphroditism Reproductive Cycle Asexual Reproduction Introduction Types and Characteristics Fission and Reproduction Clonal and Sexual Reproduction Induced Fission The Trigger Clonal Autotomy Larval Cloning Eggs and Embryos Searching Stem Cells Regeneration Introduction Incidence and Prevalence Induction of Autotomy Causes and Consequences Growth and Differentiation Growth Factors and Genes Sex Determination Introduction Species and Fidelity Karyotypes and Heteromorphism Ploidy Induction Genome and Sequencing Sex Differentiation Introduction Asteroid Model Echinoid Model Induction of Spawning Endocrine Disruption Parasitic Disruption HEMICHORDATA Reproductive Biology Introduction Life Cycles Gonads and Consequences Regeneration in Enteropneusts CHORDATE DEUTEROSTOMIA Cephalochordata Introduction Reproductive Biology Urochordata Introduction Pelagic Tunicates Benthic Tunicates Germline Lineage New Findings and Highlights Introduction Structure and Distribution Fecundity, Size and Depth Aquaculture: Sea Urchins and Cucumbers Intromittent Organ Gonad and Hormonal Economy Regenerative Potential Gonads of Cloners Clonal Reproduction Autoregulation and Stem Cells Cloning and Coloniality References