目次

Images and Acknowledgments Preface Acknowledgments Abbreviations and Citations Maps 1 Sources for the Archaic Period 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Archaeology and the Material Remains 1.2.1 Pottery 1.2.2 Burials 1.2.3 Inscriptions 1.2.4 Other Types of Material Evidence 1.2.5 Problems of Interpretation 1.3 Literary Sources 1.3.1 Archaic Greek Poets 1.3.2 Prose Writers 1.4 Managing the Muses 1.4.1 Evaluating and Deploying the Evidence Notes Further Reading 2 A Brief Overview of the Archaic Period 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The Environment and Greek Life 2.2.1 The Land and the Sea 2.2.2 The Greeks and Others 2.3 The Early Archaic Period 2.4 The Seventh Century BCE: Expansion and Change 2.4.1 Colonies 2.4.2 Law Codes 2.4.3 Tyranny 2.5 The Sixth Century BCE: Conflict and Creation 2.5.1 The Kingdom of Lydia 2.5.2 The Empire of the Persians 2.5.3 Greek Culture in the Sixth Century BCE 2.6 The Early Fifth Century BCE: The Defeat of Persia 2.7 Sparta and Lakonia 2.8 Athens and Attika Notes Further Reading Brief Timeline for the Archaic Period 3 Polis and Politics in Archaic Greece 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Origins and Nature of the Early Polis 3.3 Transformations of Leadership and Governance in the Archaic Polis 3.3.1 Basileis and Aristoi 3.3.2 Archaic Greek Tyrants and Tyranny 3.3.3 Lawgivers and Law Codes 3.4 Demokratia 3.4.1 Background 3.4.2 Kleisthenes and His Reforms 3.5 The Evolution of Politics and Government in Archaic Greece: A Summary 3.6 Politics and the Archaic Greek Farmer Notes Further Reading 4 War and Violence in Archaic Greece 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 “Homeric” Warfare 4.2 Land Warfare in the Early Archaic Period 4.2.1 “Servant of the War-God” 4.2.2 Hoplites and the Phalanx 4.3 Land Warfare in the Later Archaic Period 4.3.1 Sparta, the Polis of War 4.4 Epilogue: The Causes of War 4.5 Summary 4.5.1 The Land War Experience in the Archaic Period 4.6 Conflict at Sea 4.6.1 Early Sea Travel and Piracy 4.6.2 Archaic Greek Ship-Guilds 4.6.3 Archaic Greek Ships 4.6.4 The Archaic Greeks and the Sea: A Summary Notes Further Reading 5 Archaic Greek Myth and Religion 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The Gods of Hesiod and Homer 5.2.1 Hesiod 5.2.2 Homer 5.2.3 Xenophanes’ Complaint 5.3 Sanctuaries and Seers 5.3.1 Sacred Space 5.3.2 Seers, Prophets, and Sibyls 5.3.3 Dodona and Delphi 5.4 Gods and Poleis 5.4.1 Cult and Identity 5.5 The Archaic Greeks and Their Gods 5.5.1 Law, Order, and Justice in the Kosmos 5.6 The Olympians Notes Further Reading 6 Early Greek Science 6.1 Darkness and Lumination 6.2 A Farmer’s Handbook: Hesiod’s Works and Days 6.3 The Near East, Miletos, and Science 6.3.1 Thales, Physikos kai Astronomikos 6.3.2 Anaximandros, Hekataios, and the World Imagined 6.3.3 Milesian Science: A Summary 6.4 “Wonders” 6.4.1 The Evolution of Archaic Greek Temples 6.4.2 Tunnels, Moles, and Bridges 6.5 Medicine 6.6 “Civilians,” Science, and Technology Notes Further Reading 7 Archaic Greek Philosophy 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Hesiod and Zeus 7.3 Ionian Philosophy 7.3.1 The Milesians and the Kosmos 7.4 Skepticism, Critics, and Epistemology 7.4.1 Xenophanes 7.4.2 Herakleitos 7.5 Mathematics and the Mystical 7.5.1 Pythagoras 7.6 Summary 7.6.1 Early Philosophers and the Archaic Greeks Notes Further Reading 8 The Art of the Archaic Greeks 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Archaic Pottery-Painting 8.2.1 Later Geometric Pottery 8.2.2 Early Archaic Pottery: Orientalizing, Proto-Corinthian, and Proto-Attic 8.2.3 Later Archaic Pottery: Black-Figure and Red-Figure Ware 8.3 Archaic Greek Sculpture 8.3.1 Introduction 8.3.2 Later Geometric Sculpture 8.3.3 Archaic Architectural Sculpture 8.3.4 Kouroi 8.3.5 Korai 8.4 Summary 8.4.1 Archaic Greek Art and Archaic Greeks Notes Further Reading 9 Archaic Greek Literature 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Homer 9.2.1 Iliad 9.2.2 Odyssey 9.3 Hesiod 9.4 Early Greek Lyric and Elegaic Poets 9.4.1 Archilochos 9.4.2 Semonides 9.4.3 Tyrtaios 9.4.4 Mimnermos 9.5 Later Lyric and Elegaic Poets 9.5.1 Sappho 9.5.2 Solon 9.5.3 Anakreon 9.5.4 Simonides 9.5.5 Pindar 9.6 Summary Notes Further Reading 10 Festivals and Games of the Archaic Greeks 10.1 Introduction 10.1.1 Pre-Olympic Festivals and Games 10.2 The Olympic Festival and Games 10.2.1 Origins and Arrangements 10.2.2 Agones 10.2.3 Nike (“Victory”) 10.2.4 The Panhellenic Ideal 10.3 Other Games and Festivals 10.3.1 Pythian, Nemean, and Isthmian Games 10.4 Local and Regional Festivals 10.4.1 Panathenaia 10.4.2 Other Local and Regional Festivals 10.5 Festivals and Culture 10.5.1 Dionysia and Drama at Athens 10.5.2 The Dithyramb, Thespis, and Attic Tragedy 10.6 Summary Notes Further Reading 11 Cultural Identity, Social Forces, Values, and Behaviors 11.1 Introduction 11.1.1 Philochoria 11.2 Honor, Fame, and Good Repute 11.2.1 Kleos and Arete: Old Standards and New Benchmarks 11.2.2 Adjustments and Modifications to Standards and Expectations 11.2.3 Right Conduct: Constructive and Destructive 11.2.4 Philia 11.3 Excess and Moderation 11.3.1 The Seven Sages and the Delphic Maxims 11.4 Competition 11.4.1 The Pursuit of Wealth 11.4.2 The Agon of Politics and Display 11.5 Old Allegiances and New Realities 11.5.1 Aristos and Demos 11.6 Summary Notes Further Reading 12 Gender and Sexuality in Archaic Greece 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Archaic Greek Females 12.2.1 The Problem of Male Sources: Pandora, Helen, Clytemnestra, Penelope 12.2.2 Voices of Archaic Greek Women 12.2.3 Childhood and Maidenhood 12.2.4 Marriage and Family 12.2.5 Ritual and Religion 12.2.6 Summary 12.3 Archaic Greek Males 12.3.1 Childhood and Youth 12.3.2 Marriage and Family 12.3.3 Ritual and Religion 12.3.4 Social Life: Philia and Symposia 12.3.5 Summary 12.4 Sex, Gender, and Archaic Greek Society 12.4.1Introduction: “Secret Sex” and Open Encounters 12.4.2 Eros 12.4.3 Same-Sex Relationships 12.5 Summary Notes Further Reading 13 Epilogue: The Common and the Extraordinary Notes Glossary of Greek Terms Index