内容

目次

FOREWORD PREFACE Chapter 1: Introduction 1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 THE CURRENT AEC BUSINESS MODEL 1.2.1 Design–Bid–Build 1.2.2 Design–Build 1.2.3 Construction Management at Risk 1.2.4 Integrated Project Delivery 1.2.5 What Kind of Building Procurement Is Best When BIM Is Used? 1.3 DOCUMENTED INEFFICIENCIES OF TRADITIONAL APPROACHES 1.3.1 CIFE Study of Construction Industry Labor Productivity 1.3.2 NIST Study of Cost of Construction Industry Inefficiency 1.4 BIM: NEW TOOLS AND NEW PROCESSES 1.4.1 BIM Platforms and Tools 1.4.2 BIM Processes 1.4.3 Definition of Parametric Objects 1.4.4 Support for Project Team Collaboration 1.5 BIM AS A LIFECYCLE PLATFORM 1.6 WHAT IS NOT A BIM PLATFORM? 1.7 WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF BIM? WHAT PROBLEMS DOES IT ADDRESS? 1.7.1 Preconstruction Benefits to Owner (Chapters 4 and 5) 1.7.2 Benefits for Design (Chapter 5) 1.7.3 Construction and Fabrication Benefits (Chapters 6 and 7) 1.7.4 Post Construction Benefits (Chapter 4) 1.8 BIM AND LEAN CONSTRUCTION 1.9 WHAT CHALLENGES CAN BE EXPECTED? 1.9.1 Challenges with Collaboration and Teaming 1.9.2 Legal Changes to Documentation Ownership and Production 1.9.3 Changes in Practice and Use of Information 1.9.4 Implementation Issues 1.10 FUTURE OF DESIGNING AND BUILDING WITH BIM (Chapter 9) 1.11 CASE STUDIES (Chapter 10) Chapter 1 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS Chapter 2: Core Technologies and Software 2.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2.1 THE EVOLUTION TO OBJECT–BASED PARAMETRIC MODELING 2.1.1 Early 3D Modeling 2.1.2 Degrees of Parametric Modeling 2.1.3 Predefined versus User–Defined Parametric Objects and Libraries 2.2 BEYOND PARAMETRIC SHAPES 2.2.1 Property and Attribute Handling 2.2.2 Drawing Generation 2.2.3 Scalability 2.2.4 Object Management and Links 2.2.5 Some Commonly Asked Questions 2.3 BIM ENVIRONMENTS, PLATFORMS, AND TOOLS 2.3.1 Considerations for BIM Design Applications 2.3.2 Considerations for a BIM Environment 2.4 BIM MODEL QUALITY AND MODEL CHECKING 2.5 BIM PLATFORMS 2.5.1 Allplan 2.5.2 ArchiCAD 2.5.3 Bentley Systems 2.5.4 DESTINI Profiler 2.5.5 Digital Project 2.5.6 Revit 2.5.7 Tekla Structures 2.5.8 Vectorworks 2.5.9 AutoCAD–Based Applications 2.6 DESIGN REVIEW APPLICATIONS 2.6.1 Model Viewers 2.6.2 Model Integration Tools 2.6.3 Model Checkers 2.7 CONCLUSION Chapter 2 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS Chapter 3: Collaboration and Interoperability 3.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3.1 INTRODUCTION 3.2 DIFFERENT KINDS OF DATA EXCHANGE METHODS 3.3 BACKGROUND OF PRODUCT DATA MODELS 3.3.1 Modeling Languages 3.3.2 ISO–STEP in Building Construction 3.3.3 buildingSMART and IFC 3.3.4 What Is the IFC? 3.3.5 IDM and MVD 3.4 OTHER EFFORTS SUPPORTING STANDARDIZATION 3.4.1 buildingSMART Data Dictionary 3.4.2 OmniClass 3.4.3 COBie 3.4.4 XML–Based Schemas 3.5 THE EVOLUTION FROM FILE–BASED EXCHANGE TO BIM SERVERS 3.5.1 Project Transactions and Synchronization 3.5.2 Functionality of BIM Servers 3.5.3 BIM Server Review 3.6 Interfacing Technologies 3.6.1 Semi–Automated Approaches 3.6.2 Semantic Approaches Chapter 3 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS Chapter 4: BIM For Owners And Facility Managers 4.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4.1 INTRODUCTION: WHY OWNERS SHOULD CARE ABOUT BIM 4.2 OWNER’S ROLE IN A BIM PROJECT 4.2.1 Design Assessment 4.2.2 Complexity of Building Infrastructure and Building Environment 4.2.3 Sustainability 4.2.4 Public Construction Agencies: BIM Adoption Guidelines 4.3 COST AND TIME MANAGEMENT 4.3.1 Cost Management 4.3.2 Time to Market: Schedule Management 4.3.3 Facility and Information Asset Management 4.3.4  BIM Tool Guide for Owners 4.3.5 BIM Cost Estimating Tools 4.3.6 Facility and Asset Management Tools 4.3.7 Operation Simulation Tools 4.4 AN OWNER AND FACILITY MANAGER’S BUILDING MODEL 4.4.1 Information Content of BIM–FM model 4.4.2 Alternative Approaches to Creating a BIM–FM model 4.4.3 Classification of Model Data and Standards 4.5 LEADING THE BIM IMPLEMENTATION ON A PROJECT 4.5.1 Develop Guidelines for Use of BIM on Projects 4.5.2 Build Internal Leadership and Knowledge 4.5.3 Service Provider Selection 4.5.4 Provide for Use of a “Big Room” for Design and Construction 4.6 BARRIERS TO IMPLEMENTING BIM: RISKS AND COMMON MYTHS 4.7 ISSUES FOR OWNERS TO CONSIDER WHEN ADOPTING BIM Chapter 4 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS Chapter 5: BIM For Architects and Engineers 5.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5.1 INTRODUCTION 5.2 SCOPE OF DESIGN SERVICES 5.2.1 Collaborative Forms of Project Delivery 5.2.2 The Concept of Information Development 5.2.3 Civil and Infrastructure Design 5.3 BIM USE IN DESIGN PROCESSES 5.3.1 Concept Design 5.3.2 Prefabrication 5.3.3 Analysis, Simulation, and Optimization 5.3.4 Construction–Level Building Models 5.3.5 Design–Construction Integration 5.3.6 Design Review 5.4 BUILDING OBJECT MODELS AND LIBRARIES 5.4.1 Embedding Expertise into Building Components 5.4.2 Object Libraries 5.4.3 BOM Portals 5.4.4 Desktop/LAN Libraries 5.5 CONSIDERATIONS IN ADOPTION FOR DESIGN PRACTICE 5.5.1 Justification and Platform Selection 5.5.2 Phased Utilization Chapter 5 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS Chapter 6: BIM For Contractors 6.0. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6.1. INTRODUCTION 6.2. TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION FIRMS 6.3. INFORMATION CONTRACTORS WANT FROM BIM 6.4. BIM–ENABLED PROCESS CHANGE 6.4.1. Leaner Construction 6.4.2. Less Paper in Construction 6.4.3. Increased Distribution of Work 6.5. DEVELOPING A CONSTRUCTION BUILDING INFORMATION MODEL 6.5.1. Production Detailing 6.5.2. Big Room Co–location Onsite 6.6. USING A CONTRACTOR BUILDING INFORMATION MODEL 6.7. 3D: VISUALIZATION AND COORDINATION 6.8. 4D: CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS AND PLANNING 6.8.1. 4D Models to Support Construction Planning 6.8.2. Benefits of 4D Models 6.8.3. BIM Tools with 4D Capability 6.8.4. BIM–Supported Planning and Scheduling Issues and Guidelines 6.9. 5D: QUANTITY TAKEOFF AND COST ESTIMATING 6.9.1. Extracting Quantities from BIM Models for Estimating 6.9.2. Guidelines and BIM Implementation Issues to Support Quantity Takeoff and Estimating 6.10. PRODUCTION PLANNING AND CONTROL 6.11. OFFSITE FABRICATION AND MODULAR CONSTRUCTION 6.11.1 Surveying Site Conditions 6.12. BIM IN THE FIELD 6.12.1. Delivering Design Information to the Field 6.12.2. Coordinating Production 6.13. COST AND SCHEDULE CONTROL AND OTHER MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS 6.14. COMMISSIONING AND TURNOVER Chapter 6 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS Chapter 7: BIM For Subcontractors and Fabricators 7.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 7.1 INTRODUCTION 7.2 TYPES OF SUBCONTRACTORS AND FABRICATORS 7.2.1 Subcontractor Trades 7.2.2 Made–to–Stock and Made–to–Order Component Suppliers 7.2.3 Engineered–to–Order Component Fabricators 7.2.4 Design Service Providers and Specialist Coordinators 7.2.5 Full–Service Design–Build Prefabricated and Modular Construction 7.3 THE BENEFITS OF A BIM PROCESS FOR SUBCONTRACTOR FABRICATORS 7.3.1 Marketing and Tendering 7.3.2 Reduced Production Cycle Times 7.3.3 Reduced Design Coordination Errors 7.3.4 Lower Engineering and Detailing Costs 7.3.5 Increased Use of Automated Manufacturing Technologies 7.3.6 Increased Preassembly, Prefabrication, and Modular Construction 7.3.7 Quality Control, Supply Chain Management, and Lifecycle Maintenance 7.4 GENERIC BIM SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS FOR FABRICATORS 7.4.1 Parametric and Customizable Parts and Relationships 7.4.2 Reporting Components for Fabrication 7.4.3 Interface to Management Information Systems 7.4.4 Interoperability 7.4.5 Information Visualization 7.4.6 Automation of Fabrication Tasks 7.5 SPECIFIC BIM REQUIREMENTS FOR FABRICATION 7.5.1 Traditional ETO Component Fabricators 7.5.2 Modular Construction 7.5.3 3D Printing and Robotic Construction 7.6 ADOPTING BIM IN A FABRICATION OPERATION 7.6.1 Setting Appropriate Goals 7.6.2 Adoption Activities 7.6.3 Planning the Pace of Change 7.6.4 Human Resource Considerations Chapter 7 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS Chapter 8: Facilitators of BIM Adoption and Implementation 8.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 8.1 INTRODUCTION 8.2 BIM MANDATES 8.2.1 Significance of Government BIM Mandates 8.2.2 The Status of Government BIM Mandates around the World 8.2.3 Motivations 8.2.4 BIM Requirements 8.2.5 Challenges and Considerations 8.3 BIM ROADMAPS, MATURITY MODELS AND MEASURES 8.3.1 BIM Roadmaps 8.3.2 BIM Maturity Models 8.3.3 BIM Measures 8.4 BIM GUIDES 8.4.1 BIM Guides by Region and Organization 8.4.2 BIM Guides by Topic 8.5 BIM EDUCATION AND TRAINING 8.5.1 Transition of Senior Staff 8.5.2 BIM Roles and Responsibilities 8.5.3 Industry Training and Certificate Programs 8.5.4 University Education Programs 8.5.5 Considerations for Training and Deployment 8.6 LEGAL, SECURITY, AND BEST PRACTICE ISSUES 8.6.1 Legal and Intellectual Property Issues 8.6.2 Cyber Security for BIM 8.6.3 Best Practices and Other Social Issues ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Chapter 8 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS Chapter 9: The Future: Building with BIM 9.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 9.1 INTRODUCTION 9.2 BIM BEFORE 2000: PREDICTING TRENDS 9.3 DEVELOPMENT AND IMPACT OF BIM: 2000 TO 2017 9.3.1 Impact on Owners: Better Options, Better Reliability 9.3.2 Impact on the Design Professions 9.3.3 Impact on Construction Companies 9.3.4 Impact on Building Material and Component Suppliers 9.3.5 Impact on Construction Education: Integrated Education 9.3.6 Impact on Statutory Authorities: Model Access and Review 9.3.7 Impact on Project Documentation: On–Demand Drawings 9.3.8 Impact on BIM Tools: More Integration, More Specialization, More Information 9.4 CURRENT TRENDS 9.4.1 Process Trends 9.4.2 Technology Trends 9.4.3 Integrative Process and Technology Trends 9.4.4 Trends in BIM Research 9.4.5 Obstacles to Change 9.5 VISION 2025 9.5.1 Thoroughly Digital Design and Construction 9.5.2 A New Culture of Innovation in Construction 9.5.3 Offsite Construction 9.5.4 Construction Regulation: Automated Code–Checking 9.5.5 Artificial Intelligence in Construction 9.5.6 Globalization 9.5.7 Support for Sustainable Construction 9.6 BEYOND 2025 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Chapter 9 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS Chapter 10: BIM Case Studies 10.0 INTRODUCTION ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 10.1 NATIONAL CHILDREN’S HOSPITAL, DUBLIN 10.1.1 Introduction 10.1.2 Motivation for the Project 10.1.3 The Building 10.1.4 The NCH Project 10.1.5 The BIM Executive Plan (BEP) 10.1.6 Visualization, Simulation, and Design Optimization 10.1.7 Summary of BIM Benefits ACKNOWLEDGMENT 10.2 HYUNDAI MOTORSTUDIO GOYANG, SOUTH KOREA 10.2.1 Project Overview 10.2.2 Complex Spatial Arrangement: BIM–Based Design Coordination 10.2.3 Free–Form Patterned Exterior: Panelization 10.2.4 Largest Mega Truss Structure in Korea: Laser Scanning 10.2.5 Perception Gap between Participants: VR and 4D simulation 10.2.6 Needs for Schedule Reduction: Multitrade Prefabrication 10.2.7 Lessons Learned and Conclusion ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 10.3 FONDATION LOUIS VUITTON, PARIS 10.3.1 Introduction 10.3.2 Project Design Workflow and Software Technology 10.3.3 Design of the Structure and Sails 10.3.4 Model Analyses 10.3.5 Generative Detailing Using 3D Intelligent Components 10.3.6 Concrete Iceberg Panelization and Optimization for Fabrication 10.3.7 Fabrication of the Glass Sails 10.3.8 Integrated Use of the BIM Model 10.3.9 Lessons Learned 10.3.10 Conclusion ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 10.4 DONGDAEMUN DESIGN PLAZA, SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA 10.4.1 Introduction 10.4.2 Challenges during the Design Phase 10.4.3 Challenges during the Construction Phase 10.4.4 BIM to Fabrication 10.4.5. Lessons Learned 10.4.6 Conclusion and Future Outlook ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 10.5 SAINT JOSEPH HOSPITAL, DENVER 10.5.1 Organizational Structure and the Collaboration Agreement 10.5.2 The BIM Execution Plan 10.5.3 Simulations and Analyses 10.5.4 BIM Support for Prefabrication 10.5.5 Ensuring Metrics Help Inform Future Efforts 10.5.6 Risk and Safety Benefits of BIM and Prefabrication 10.5.7 BIM in the Field 10.5.8 BIM for Facility Management 10.5.9 Lessons Learned: Best Practices ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ONLINE SOURCES 10.6 VICTORIA STATION, LONDON UNDERGROUND 10.6.1 History 10.6.2 The Project 10.6.3 Engineering Challenges 10.6.4 The Role of BIM 10.6.5 BIM Benefits to the Project 10.6.6 Postscript ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 10.7 NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY STUDENT RESIDENCE HALLS, SINGAPORE 10.7.1 Introduction 10.7.2 Project Overview 10.7.3 Project Organization/Management 10.7.4 PPVC Workflow 10.7.5 BIM Implementation 10.7.6 Parametric PPVC Library 10.7.7 Benefits Realization 10.7.8 Conclusion and Lessons Learned ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 10.8 MAPLETREE BUSINESS CITY II, SINGAPORE 10.8.1 Introduction 10.8.2 Communication and Collaboration Issues 10.8.3 BIM Coordination Meetings 10.8.4 BIM Execution Planning 10.8.5 Data Exchange 10.8.6 Productivity Gains 10.8.7 Innovative Uses of BIM 10.8.8 Simulation and Analysis 10.8.9 BIM in the Field 10.8.10 Conclusion ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 10.9 PRINCE MOHAMMAD BIN ABDULAZIZ INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, MEDINA, UAE 10.9.1 Project Information 10.9.2 Novel/Innovative Use of BIM 10.9.3 Communication and Collaboration 10.9.4  Stakeholder Involvement 10.9.5 Risk 10.9.6 BIM in the Field 10.9.7 Lessons Learned: Problems, Challenges, Solutions 10.9.8 Conclusion and Future Outlook ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 10.10 HOWARD HUGHES MEDICAL INSTITUTE, CHEVY CHASE, MARYLAND 10.10.1 Introduction 10.10.2 Background 10.10.3 The Challenges 10.10.4 An FM–Capable BIM 10.10.5 Impact Analysis Using an FM–Capable BIM 10.10.6 Lessons Learned Thus Far 10.10.7 Path Forward ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 10.11 STANFORD NEUROSCIENCE HEALTH CENTER, PALO ALTO, CALIFORNIA 10.11.1 Introduction 10.11.2 Project Details 10.11.3 The Pilot 10.11.4 Making the Case 10.11.5 The Journey 10.11.6 The Team 10.11.7 Executing the Pilot 10.11.8 Use Case Metrics 10.11.9 Results of Use Cases 10.11.10 Summary of Benefits 10.11.11 BIM Costs and Impact on Annual Budget 10.11.12 Lessons Learned 10.11.13 Conclusion and Future Outlook Glossary References Index