Imperial raciology is a burgeoning field of historical research. Studies on the British Empire in South Asia have concentrated on the writing of Western-educated elites in English. This book provides an in-depth exploration of South Asian readaptations of race in vernacular languages. The focus is on a diverse set of printed texts, periodicals and books in Hindi and Urdu, two of the major print languages of British North India, written between 1860 and 1930. The author demonstrates that these sources provide a more varied and complex picture of the ways in which South Asians reinterpreted racial concepts, thereby highlighting the importance of scrutinising the vernacular dimensions of global entanglements. Part 1 of the book centres on the concepts of `civilization' and `civility'. It looks at the discussions on these concepts in the Hindi and Urdu periodical presses, travelogues, geography books as well as Hindi literature on caste. It asks if and in what respect the debates changed when authors appropriated racial concepts. Part 2 revolves around the 'science' of eugenics. It scrutinizes more popular genres, namely, early-20th century advisory literature on `fit reproduction'. It highlights in how far the knowledge promoted there was different from 'eugenics', as the (mainly English-writing) founders of the Indian eugenic movements endorsed it. A fascinating analysis of ways in which the "colonized" have adopted and readapted racial concepts and theories, this book will be of interest to academics in the fields of Modern South Asian history, History of Science, Critical Race Studies and Colonial and Imperial history.