目次

1. General Considerations 1.1 Role of atomic processes in penetration of ion beams through matter. 1.2 Characteristics of ion beams interacting with media: еnergy-loss and angular straggling, range, penetration depth. Charge exchange reactions. 2. Stopping power (SP). 2.1 SP in gases and solid state. Dependence on ion energy. 2.2 Bragg peak. 2.3 SP in plasmas. 6 2.4 Influence of the target density effect. 2.5 Projectile effective charge and tabulation of SP. SRIM code. 3. Balance rate equations for the charge-state fractions. 3.1 Balance rate equations for charge-state fractions. Allison equations for three-level scheme. 3.2 Equilibrium and non-equilibrium fractions and mean charges. 3.3 Equilibrium regime. Gaussian parameters of the equilibrium mean charges. Energy and target dependence of the equilibrium mean charges. 3.4 Semi-empirical formulae for equilibrium mean charge-state, its distribution width, and equilibrium charge-fractions. 3.5 Computer codes for calculating charge-state fractions. 4. Electron capture processes. 4.1 One-electron capture at non-relativistic energies. 4.2 Methods and computer codes for one-electron capture cross sections. 4.3 The target-density (gas-solid) effect in capture processes. 4.4 Multi-electron capture in collisions of heavy ions. 4.5 Electron capture at very low energies. Isotope effects. Effect of the electron- nuclear interaction on the internuclear trajectory. 4.6 Radiative electron capture at relativistic energies. 4.7 Orbital electron capture in highly charged ions. 5. Electron loss (ionization of the projectile) processes. 5.1 One-electron loss at non-relativistic energies. The Bragg additivity rule. 5.2 Methods and computer codes for one-electron loss cross sections. 5.3 The target-density (gas-solid) effect in loss processes. 5.4 Multi-electron loss in collisions with heavy ions.   6. Interaction of heavy ions with plasmas 6.1 A shifted Maxwellian distribution function in plasmas for moving ions. 6.2 Radiative recombination. 6.3 Dielectronic recombination. 6.4 Ionization of ions by plasma electrons. 7. Ionization of the target atoms. 8. Lifetimes of the heavy-ion beams in accelerators. 9. Some applications of equilibrium charge-state fractions. 9.1 Optimization of the target parameters for obtaining the maximal ion charge after penetrating the target. 9.2 Charge-stripping in high-energy accelerators. 9.3 Detection of the super-heavy elements with atomic numbers Z > 100. 9.4 Charge-state fractions in astrophysics. 10. Semi-empirical formulae for loss, capture cross sections, radiative decay rates, ionization by electron impact etc. 11. Conclusion 12. References