目次

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research Background 1.2 Problem Statement 1.3 Objectives of the Research1.4 Scope of Research1.5 Thesis OutlineCHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 Lubricants 2.1.1 Conventional Engine Lubricants and Related Hazards2.1.2 Bio-based Lubricants 2.1.3 Vegetable Oils 2.1.4 Selection of Vegetable Oil 2.1.5 Properties of Vegetable Oils 2.1.5.1 Viscosity 2.1.5.2 Low-temperature properties 2.1.5.3 Oxidation stability2.1.5.4 Tribological behavior 2.1.6 Chemically Functionalized Vegetable Oils 2.1.7 TMP Ester as a Lubricant2.1.7.1 Viscosity and low temperature fluidity of TMP esters 2.1.7.2 Oxidation stability of TMP esters 2.1.7.3 Lubricity, EP, and AW behavior 2.2 Lubricant Additives 2.2.1 Friction Modifiers and Antiwear Additives 2.2.2 Nanoparticles as Additives 2.2.2.1 Role of dispersion stability 2.2.2.2 Methods of nanoparticles dispersion 2.2.2.3 Dispersion stability analysis for nanolubricants 2.2.2.4 Methods to enhance the dispersion stability of nanolubricants2.2.2.5 Role of nanoparticles concentration 2.2.2.6 Role of nanoparticle size 2.2.2.7 Role of nanoparticle shape and structure 2.2.2.8 Role of tribo-testing conditions2.2.2.9 Lubrication mechanisms 2.2.2.10 Investigation of lubrication mechanism 2.3 IC Engine Lubrication 2.3.1 Engine Piston Assembly2.3.1.1 Piston ring–cylinder lubrication 2.3.1.2 Experimental investigation of piston ring–cylinder lubrication 2.3.2 Lubricant Degradation in Diesel Engine 2.3.2.1 Effect of fuel blends 2.3.2.2 Role of additive technology 2.4 SummaryCHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Palm TMP Ester as Bio-based Base Stock 3.1.1 Palm TMP Ester 3.1.1.1 Procedure for Development of Palm TMP Ester 3.1.1.2 Composition and Physicochemical Characteristics 3.2 Development of Bio-based Nanolubricants 3.2.1 Nanoparticles 3.2.2 Ultrasonic Dispersion3.2.3 Dispersion Stability Analysis 3.2.4 Nano-lubricants 3.3 Engine Testing and Lubricating Oil Degradation3.3.1 Engine Test Setup3.3.2 Fuels for Engine Testing 3.3.3 Engine Oil Filter Conditioning 3.3.3.1 Development of Strong Base Filter3.3.4 Engine-aged Lubricants 3.3.5 Lubricant Analysis 3.3.5.1 Viscosity 3.3.5.2 Total Acid Number (TAN) 3.3.5.3 Total Base Number (TBN) 3.3.5.4 Infrared Spectroscopy 3.4 Tribometer Investigation 3.4.1 Test Specimen Preparation 3.4.2 High Stroke Reciprocating Tribo-testing 3.4.3 Four-Ball Extreme Pressure (EP) Tribo-Testing 3.5 Surface Analysis 3.5.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 3.5.2 Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX)3.5.3 Raman Spectroscopy 3.5.4 Surface Profilometry CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Tribological Behavior of Palm TMP Ester 4.1.1 Friction Results 4.1.2 Wear Results 4.1.3 Surface Analysis 4.1.3.1 SEM Analysis 4.1.3.2 Surface Profilometry 4.2 Tribological Analysis of Nanoparticles Enriched Palm TMP Ester 4.2.1 Dispersion Stability of Nanolubricants 4.2.1.1 Dispersion Analysis of nanoCuO Enriched Lubricants 4.2.1.2 Dispersion Analysis of nanoMoS2 Enriched Lubricants 4.2.1.3 Dispersion Analysis of nanoTiO2/SiO2 Enriched Lubricants 4.2.2 Friction Results for Nanolubricants4.2.2.1 Friction Behavior of nanoCuO Enriched Lubricants 4.2.2.2 Friction Behavior of nanoMoS2 Enriched Lubricants4.2.2.3 Friction Behavior of nanoTiO2/SiO2 Enriched Lubricants4.2.3 Wear Results for Nanolubricants 4.2.3.1 Wear Loss for nanoCuO Enriched Lubricants 4.2.3.2 Wear Loss for nanoMoS2 Enriched Lubricants 4.2.3.3 Wear Loss for nanoTiO2/SiO2 Enriched Lubricants 4.2.4 Surface Analysis CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Tribological Behavior of Palm TMP Ester 4.1.1 Friction Results 4.1.2 Wear Results 4.1.3 Surface Analysis 4.1.3.1 SEM Analysis 4.1.3.2 Surface Profilometry 4.2 Tribological Analysis of Nanoparticles Enriched Palm TMP Ester 4.2.1 Dispersion Stability of Nanolubricants4.2.1.1 Dispersion Analysis of nanoCuO Enriched Lubricants4.2.1.2 Dispersion Analysis of nanoMoS2 Enriched Lubricants 4.2.1.3 Dispersion Analysis of nanoTiO2/SiO2 Enriched Lubricants4.2.2 Friction Results for Nanolubricants4.2.2.1 Friction Behavior of nanoCuO Enriched Lubricants 4.2.2.2 Friction Behavior of nanoMoS2 Enriched Lubricants 4.2.2.3 Friction Behavior of nanoTiO2/SiO2 Enriched Lubricants 4.2.3 Wear Results for Nanolubricants4.2.3.1 Wear Loss for nanoCuO Enriched Lubricants 4.2.3.2 Wear Loss for nanoMoS2 Enriched Lubricants 4.2.3.3 Wear Loss for nanoTiO2/SiO2 Enriched Lubricants 4.2.4 Surface Analysis4.4.3 Surfaces Analysis of Worn Surfaces 4.4.3.1 SEM Analysis 4.4.3.2 EDX Analysis 4.4.3.3 Raman Spectroscopy 4.4.3.4 Surface ProfilometryCHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Conclusions 5.2 Recommendations for Future Work ReferencesList of Publications and Papers Presented