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List of illustrations List of maps List of perspectives Preface to the fourth edition Introduction A very small place in Africa Globalization PART I Archaic globalization: before 1600 CE 1 The global setting for Niumi’s history: early archaic globalization Western Europe’s strengthening connections Fourteenth-century setback The lure to expand Portuguese expansion into the Atlantic West Africa’s strengthening connections Islam’s movement into West Africa State-building in West Africa The Mali Empire Mali’s decline 2 Niumi during early archaic globalization: before 1450 CE The physical setting The cultural setting Niumi’s early residents, their commercial milieu, and the Niumi state 3 Niumi during late-archaic globalization, 1450–1600: waxing Atlantic trade, enduring Sudanic trade Western Europe and the rise of the Atlantic plantation complex Early Atlantic trade and political change in Niumi Trade diasporas and new identities Muslim traders Christian (and "New Christian") Portuguese and Luso-Africans New ways of life PART II Proto-globalization: 1600–1800 4 Niumi during proto-globalization: the height of the Atlantic complex Niumi’s expanding world The ecological base The growth of mercantile capitalism and expanding Atlantic complex The long march of Islam The Niumi polity State structures Court officials State administration Dependent territories State revenues A wider world at home Niumi’s changing material world Niumi’s changing social and intellectual world Luso-Africans Muslims Soninke The changing nature of dependence PART III Modern globalization: 1800–1950s 5 Niumi in a time of transition: 1816–1897 Revolutionary change in the West Islam’s militant strain Weakening of the Niumi state New systems of production and exchange: the peanut revolution The Soninke-Marabout Wars Formal British takeover A deepening dependence 6 Niumi as part of the Gambia Colony and Protectorate: 1897–1965 The unsettled twentieth-century world Establishment of colonial rule The world of peanuts Development A quiet broadening and deepening of Islam Niumi in a world at war World War I World War II Postwar malaise Toward independence PART IV Post-colonial globalization, 1950s 7 Independent Niumi in the First Republic of The Gambia: 1965–1994 Mid-twentieth century global realities New rulers, old rules A chance encounter with world history and a boost for tourism: Roots Modernization? 8 Niumi in the recent wave of globalization: the Second Republic, 1994–2017 Globalization’s newest wave Soldier to statesman to tyrant Is globalization good for the world’s poor? Niumi as case study The economy Non-sustainable development Culture and society Women’s roles Freedom, dignity, and human rights Niumi in diaspora The presidential election of 2016 Epilogue, 2017: #Gambia HAS Decided Bibliography Index