目次

Introduction: Historical Background, Symptoms, Pathogens and Economic Importance Historical Background Symptoms Pathogens Economic Importance Modes of Spread of Plant Pathogens Vertical Transmission Horizontal Transmission 　 Feeding Mechanism of Vectors and Plant Pathogens Familiarization with Insect Vectors Identification and Biology Thysaoptera Diptera Coleoptera Hymenoptera Orthoptera Lepidoptera Dermaptera Dictyoptera Feeding Mechanism of Hemipterans Feeding Mechanism of Chewing Insects Mechanism of Transmission of Plant Pathogens Mites Nematodes Fungi/Plasmodiophorids Protozoa Mechanism of Spread of Fungi/ Bacteria/ Phytoplasma/ Rickettsia/ Nematodes/ Protozoa 　 Aphids Identification Life Cycle of Aphids Virus Transmission Cycle Feeding Mechanism Virus Transmission Helper Component/Coat Protein Non-persistent Stylet-borne Viruses Non-persistent Foregut-borne Plant Viruses Persistent Circulative Viruses Circulative propagative Viruses Diseases caused by aphid-borne genera of plant viruses Aphids and Fungi Aphids and Bacteria Leaf Hoppers/Plant Hoppers/Tree Hoppers/Frog Hoppers/Psylla/ Mealy Bugs/Scale Insects Identification and Brief Life History Feeding Mechanism of Homopterans Transmission Determinants Phenomenon of Cross Protection Virus vector relationships Homopterous borne pathogens /diseases Mollicutes and Insect Relationships Mechanism of Transmission of Mollicutes Psyllid-borne Phytoplasma Diseases Rickettsia Like Organisms 　 Whiteflies Identification and Brief Biology Feeding Mechanism and Pathogen Transmission Virus Vector Relationship Begomovirus Crinivirus Role of Coat Protein in Transmission Diseases 　 Heteropterous Bugs and Thrips Heteropterous bugs (True bugs) Thrips Identification and Brief Biology Thrips and Bacterial Pathogens Thrips and Fungal Pathogens 　 Insect Vectors with Chewing Mouthparts Beetles Grasshoppers Bees, Wasps, and Ants Diptera as Vector Moths/Butterflies and Fungi Earwigs Cockroaches 　 Mites Identification and Brief Biology Feeding Mechanism Pathogen Transmission Specificity in Transmission Spread of Viruses Diseases Fungal Pathogens Mites and Viroids 　 Nematodes Identification and Brief Biology Feeding Aapparatus Mechanism of Pathogen Transmission Specificity in Transmission Diseases Nematodes and Bacteria Nematodes and Fungi 　 　 Fungi Introduction Characteristic Features of Vector Species Mechanism of Transmission Specificity Virus Vector Relationships Phytotoxemia Symptoms of Different Agents in Crop Plants Categories of Phytotoxemia Microorganisms and Phytotoxemia Distinction Between Viruses and Phytotoxemia Nature of Toxin Mechanism of Phytotoxemia Plant Pathogens and Electron Microscope Plant Pathogens Electron Microscope Types of Electron Microscopes Preparation of Specimens for Examination Uses of Electron Microscope 　 Pathogen Effects and Ecological Factors Pathogen Effects Climate /Weather Parameters and Virus-Vector-Host Interaction Weather Parameters and Phytoplasma Weather Parameters and Fungal Transmission Light and Bacteria Weather Parameters and Symptoms Expression Vector-Virus Management Strategies Vector Management Strategies Exclusion of Virus from Region /Country Use of virus free seed Elimination of Pathogen Through Tissue Culture/Chemicals Management of Vector with Chemicals Management of vectors /invading vector population Cultural Measures Physical Control Alteration in Insect Vector Behavior Chemical Control Biological Control Integrated Pest Management Breaking Life Cycle of Plant Virus (New approach)