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Acknowledgements Introduction 1 Beyond the curtain: the "true nature" of microphones and loudspeakers An empty stage: listening according to the Konzertreform A concert at home: the invention of sound reproduction technologies Storage of air pressure waves Transportation of air pressure waves Amplification of air pressure waves Between air and electricity A standard, almost perfect amplifier and loudspeaker Microphones and loudspeakers: the musical instruments of our age? The "true nature" of microphones and loudspeakers 2 reproducing - supporting - generating - interacting: four approaches towards microphones and loudspeakers Made for music: concepts on musical instruments Violins, mixing desks and spoons Piano lessons or a phonograph: how sound reproduction technologies entered the living room The instrumental phonograph and the reproducing radio Semantic acts of sound creation Hearing voices through the noise: completely satisfactory recordings in 1902 Electricity, bodies and diaphragms Reproducing: one sound system for all music Supporting: the same sound but louder Transparent technology The record as a copy of the concert and the concert as a copy of the record Generating: music without musical instruments Interacting: resonance and resistance 3 The sound of microphones and loudspeakers Acoustic feedback: an electro-mechanical oscillator The tuning fork: an early sine wave generator Transforming sound into a researchable object Hermann von Helmholtz: tuning fork experiments Hermann von Helmholtz: tuning forks reproduce human vowels The tympanic principle and the tuning fork principle Alexander Bell: metal rods reproduce sound Alexander Bell: metal plates reproduce sound Richard Eisenmann: an electric piano with tuning forks George Dieckmann: a piano string oscillator Bechstein-Siemens-Nernst-piano: piano, radio and gramophone through the same loudspeaker 4 movement, material and space: interacting with microphones and loudspeakers Acoustic feedback: from mistake to music MOVEMENT Quintet by Hugh Davies: changing the distance between microphone and loudspeaker Pendulum Music by Steve Reich: introducing silence Bird and Person Dyning by Alvin Lucier: listening as a performative act Green Piece by Anne Wellmer: interacting with another sound source Mikrophonie I by Karlheinz Stockhausen: amplification only Speaker Swinging by Gordon Monahan and Three Short Stories and an Apotheosis by Annea Lockwood: moving loudspeakers MATERIAL coffee making by Valerian Maly and 0'00'' by John Cage: everyday actions amplified Inside Piano by Andrea Neumann: musical instruments and contact microphones Apple Box Double by Pauline Oliveros and Shozyg by Hugh Davies: new instruments through amplification Nodalings by Nicolas Collins: acoustic feedback through objects Rainforest by David Tudor: every loudspeaker a different voice Aptium by Lynn Pook, and Merzbow: the audible becomes feelable SPACE Music for piano with amplified sonorous vessels by Alvin Lucier: interaction between microphones and small spaces Loudspeakers in brass instruments and focused loudspeakers: interaction between loudspeakers and small spaces .....sofferte onde serene... and Guai ai gelidi mostri by Luigi Nono: interaction between loudspeakers and performance space Acousmonium by Francois Bayle: loudspeaker orchestras Performances by Eliane Radigue and Der toenende See by Kirsten Reese: sound unified in space and dispersed in space Audible EcoSystemics by Agostino Di Scipio: closing the acoustic feedback loop again 5 Composing with microphones and loudspeakers Beyond musical instruments: a hybrid of approaches The Edison tone tests: no difference Nothing Is Real (Strawberry Fields Forever) by Alvin Lucier: a piano in a teapot Windy Gong by Ute Wassermann: singing through the gong snare drum pieces by Wolfgang Heiniger: invisible beating tubes by Paul Craenen: musicians, dancers and technicians Open Air Bach by Lara Stanic: speeding up a sonata Resistances and resonances of microphones and loudspeakers The future of microphones and loudspeakers: between air and electricity Appendix Biographies Bibliography