目次

The first part of Chapter 1 defines salient features of disaster relief operations and briefly chronicles the development of global humanitarian assistance programs. The next section of Chapter 1 summarizes major criticisms of disaster aid provision and also outlines the need for disbursement of assistance to disaster survivors. This is accomplished in part by providing several definitions of natural disasters wherein the need for emergency relief aid for survivors of extreme natural events are either explicit or embedded. The chapter concludes with the book’s objectives and chapter outline.   Disaster Relief Aid Background of Humanitarian Assistance Criticisms of Disaster Aid Provision Need for Disaster Relief Aid Objectives of this Book Chapter Arrangements   Chapter 2 explains how disaster aid flows from a plethora of private, public, humanitarian, business, and non-profit organizations, as well as individuals from both affected and non-affected areas/countries, to survivors of extreme natural events. This chapter also covers other relevant information such as providers and distributors of emergency aid and issues associated with participation of domestic and foreign military forces in disaster relief operations. This is followed by a final section dealing with problems and challenges associated with disaster aid flows.              International Humanitarian System Flash Appeal Pledge and Flow of Relief Aid Needs Assessment, Logistics and Management  Providers of Disaster Aid Distributors of Disaster Aid       Participation of Foreign Military Forces       Participation of Domestic Military Forces Funding Guidelines (GHD and Others Determinants of Disaster Aid   Crucial aspects of disaster relief (e.g., timeliness, appropriateness, and coordination and cooperation) that ultimately determine the success of any single operation are presented in Chapter 3, along with a discussion on how agencies involved in disaster relief operations and maintain partnerships and networks. This chapter provides background for understanding the strengths and weaknesses of disaster aid disbursement. Several disaster relief and network models are also discussed.   Success/Failure Indicators of Disaster Relief Operations <      Appropriateness       Timeliness       Coordination and Cooperation       Inequitable Distribution       Human Right Violations       Misuse and Non-use of Relief Fund  Partnership and Networking Numerical Disaster Relief and Networks Models      Chapter 4 provides an overview of the nature and extent of emergency relief efforts undertaken in countries impacted by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami (IOT), Hurricane Katrina, and the Kashmir and Nepal earthquakes, along with some basic statistics regarding these disasters. The weaknesses and strengths of each one of these disaster operation are reviewed. This review is essential for improving future emergency relief operations. Additionally, each of the operation considered in this chapter is fundamental for understanding the dynamics of the relief process.    The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami      Global Generosity      Domestic Generosity      Competition and Cooperation The 2005 Hurricane Katrina      Official Response      Non-official Response      International Response The 2005 Kashmir Earthquake      Global Response      Participation of Foreign Military      Earthquake Relief and LoC      Participation of National Army The 2015 Nepal Earthquake      Problems in Organizing Disaster Relief Aid      Domestic and International Response      Effectiveness of Emergency Aid   Unnecessary and useless relief items to those who have suffered a disaster have been a perpetual problem across the globe. This spontaneous flow of supplies hampers and complicates emergency relief efforts. This post-disaster convergence phenomenon is the subject of Chapter 5. There are three forms of convergence: personal (the influx of emergency response personnel and all types of individuals, including affiliated or non-affiliated local/national and foreign volunteers, and members of search, rescue and medical teams); informational (the flow of information and communication); and material (movement of physical resources, like (solicited or unsolicited) donated goods, supplies, and/or equipment sent by all entities in response to a disaster). All these components of convergence phenomenon and their effects on disaster relief activities are examined in this chapter.    History of Convergence Phenomenon Convergence of Personnel Convergence of Information Convergence of Materials Advantages and Disadvantages Current Strategies Used to Control Convergence Recommendations   The final chapter (Chapter 6) outlines the progress so far made in global disaster relief efforts during the last decades, along with the challenges such efforts have confronted in recent years. Based on these challenges, recommendations are made to improve future disaster relief efforts.   Problems and Challenges Lessons Learned Progress Recommendations   In addition, a glossary of disaster relief-related organizations and agencies (e.g., ALNAP, DAC, DEC, FTS, and GHD) will be included at the end of the proposed book.