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Preface Chapter 1: Elements of a Power System The Alternating Current One Line Diagram Basis for One Line Representation Main Electrical Components of Power Plants Transmission Lines, Switchyards, and Substation Questions and Problems References and Bibliography Chapter 2: Nuclear Power Plants, General Information Introduction Environmental Impact Nuclear Generation Fuel Cycle Evolution of Nuclear Power Generation Nuclear Power in the United States Plans for New Reactors Worldwide Increased Capacity Nuclear Plant Construction Nuclear Plant Licensing Current Commercial Nuclear Plants Evolutionary Commercial Nuclear Plants Advanced Reactors Nuclear Accidents: Three Mile Island, Chernobil, and Fukushima Events Questions and Problems References and Bibliography Chapter 3: Special Regulations and Requirements Regulations IEEE Standards NRC Regulatory Guides Questions and Problems References and Bibliography Chapter 4: Unique Requirements – Class 1E Power System Class 1E Electrical Systems – General Description Specific Requirements for Class 1E AC Power Systems Specific Requirements for Class 1E DC Power Systems Specific Requirements for Class 1E Instrumentation and Control Systems Specific Requirements for Class 1E Containment Electrical Penetrations Specific Requirements for Emergency On–Site AC Power Sources Questions and Problems References and Bibliography Chapter 5: Nuclear Plants Containment Electrical Penetration Assemblies Containment Electrical Penetration Assemblies – General Service Classification Electrical Design Requirements Mechanical Design Requirements Fire Resistance Requirements Qualified Life Qualification Tests Design Tests Production Tests Monitoring and Testability Questions and Problems References and Bibliography Chapter 6: On–Site Emergency AC Source General Requirements of the Emergency AC Source General Requirements of Diesel Generators used as Emergency AC Source EDG General Requirements – Load Carrying Capability EDG General Requirements – Speed Control EDG General Requirements – Protection Considerations Specific Design Requirements for Emergency Diesel Generators EDG Specific Design Requirements – Surveillance Systems Factory Qualification General Factory Qualification – Testing and Analyses Factory Qualification –Engine Tests Factory Qualification – Generator Tests Factory Qualification – Initial Type Tests of the EDG Set Factory Qualification – Start and Load Acceptance Tests Factory Qualification – Aging Test Factory Qualification – Seismic Requirements Site Acceptance Testing Site Pre–Operational Testing Site Operational Testing Site Periodic Testing Applicable Terms Site Periodic Testing Test Parameters to Be Recorded Records Site Periodic Testing and Surveillance – Preventive Maintenance Program Recommended Program for EDG Monitoring and Trending Parameters Diesel–Generator Unit Reliability Program Elements Questions and Problems References and Bibliography Chapter 7: On–Site Emergency DC Source Energy Storage Systems for Nuclear Generating Stations General Requirements of Direct Current Systems Design Requirements Operating Mode of DC Storage Systems Capability, Availability, Independence, and Testing of Battery Systems Installation of Battery Systems Classification of Loads in Terms of Service Duration Requirements Battery Duty Cycle Diagram Cell Selection Determining Battery Size Battery Chargers Function, Capability, Availability, Independence, and Testing of Battery Chargers Questions and Problems References and Bibliography Chapter 8: Protective Relaying General General Criteria for the Protection System Specific Criteria for Protection of AC Systems Switchgear and Bus Protection Bus Voltage Monitoring Schemes Protection of Motors and Feeder Circuits Emergency Diesel Generator (EDG) Protection Load Shedding and Sequential Loading Protection against Unbalanced Voltages Negative–Sequence Protection Negative–Sequence Current Relay (Device 46) Device 47—Phase–Sequence or Phase–Balance Voltage Relay Degraded Voltage Protection Surge Protection Protection for Instrumentation and Control Power System Protection Aspects for Auxiliary System Automatic Bus Transfer Protection for Primary Containment Electrical Penetration Assemblies Protection of Valve Actuator Motors (VAMs) (Direct Gear Driven) Protection for DC Systems Testing and Surveillance of Protective Systems Preoperational Tests Surveillance Questions and Problems References and Bibliography Chapter 9: Interface of the Nuclear Plant with the Grid PPS Safety Function Requirements of the PPS General254 Availability, Capacity, Capability, and Independence Lightning and Surge Protection Reliability Interface between the Nuclear Plant and the Grid The Transmission Grid Operator and the Nuclear Plant Operator Should Establish the Following Criteria for Interface (see IEEE 765) The Number of Transmission Circuits Required to be in Service for Normal, Startup, Shutdown, and Accident Conditions Transmission Line and Switchyard Protective Relaying Connections of the PPS to the Class 1E Systems Switchyard Grounding Switchyard and Transmission Line Surveillance and Testing Effect of PPS Voltage Degradation on the Class 1E Bus Multi–Unit Considerations Sharing of PPSs Considerations for PPS Reliability in a Deregulated Environment IEEE 765 Provides a Suggested Preferred Power System Interface Agreement with the Objective to Provide a Structure of an Agreement Document and the Suggested Contents to Ensure that All Parties Understand their Responsibilities in the Design, Maintenance, and Operation of the Off–Site Power System Transmission System Studies (TSS) Alternate AC (AAC) Source Study of Recent Events Questions and Problems References and Bibliography Chapter 10: Station Blackout (SBO) – Issues and Regulations Introduction Regulations Relating to SBO Requirements Specific SBO Requirements SBO Coping Duration SBO Coping Capability AAC Power Sources Procedures and Training QA and Specifications for Non–Safety–Related Equipment Monitoring of the Grid Condition Questions and Problems References and Bibliography Chapter 11: Review of Electric Power Calculations Introduction Load and Voltage calculations Motor starting calculations Calculation of Motor Starting Time Short Circuit calculations Questions and Problems References and Bibliography Chapter 12: Plant Life – Equipment Aging, Life Extension, and Decommissioning Nuclear Plant Licensed Life Importance of Maintenance – The Maintenance Rule Definition of Maintenance Use of Plant Programs Use of Reliability–Based Programs Safety–Significance Ranking Methodology Use of Probabilistic Risk Assessments Maintenance Risk Assessments Cable Monitoring Methods and Techniques Emergency Diesel Generators Interpretation of “Standby” The License Renewal Rule Interpretation of Ageing Effects of Plant Ageing Questions and Problems References and Bibliography Chapter 13: Electrical and Control Systems Inspections Purpose of Inspections Objectives of Inspections Areas of Review Typical Approach to the Review Acceptance Criteria Questions and Problems References and Bibliography Appendix 1 Abbreviations Appendix 2 Definitions Index