内容

目次

Preface to the Fifth Edition           Acknowledgments List of Acronyms Equation symbols About the Companion Website  Chapter 1 Basic principles           Introduction       Atomic structure              Motion in the atom         MR active nuclei               The hydrogen nucleus   Alignment Net magnetic vector (NMV)        Precession and precessional (Larmor) frequency Precessional phase          Resonance          MR signal                             Pulse timing parameters Further reading Chapter 2 Image weighting and contrast               Introduction       Image contrast  Relaxation T1 recovery T2 decay Contrast mechanisms     Relaxation in different tissues    T1 contrast         T2 contrast         Proton density contrast Weighting           Other contrast mechanisms Further reading Chapter 3 Spin echo pulse sequences    Introduction       RF rephasing Conventional spin echo Fast or turbo spin echo FSE/TSE) Inversion recovery (IR) Short tau inversion recovery (STIR) Fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) Further Reading Chapter 4 Gradient echo pulse sequences Introduction Variable flip angle Gradient rephasing Weighting in gradient echo pulse sequences Weighting mechanism 1 – extrinsic contrast parameters Weighting mechanism 2 –  the steady state Weighing mechanism 3 – residual transverse magnetization Coherent or rewound gradient echo        Incoherent or spoiled gradient echo         Reverse–echo gradient echo        Balanced gradient echo Fast gradient echo           Echo planar imaging (EPI)             Further reading Chapter 5 Spatial encoding         Introduction       Mechanism of gradients                Gradient axes Slice selection    Frequency encoding       Phase encoding Sampling              Data collection and image formation       Bringing it all together – pulse sequence timing Further reading Chapter 6 k–space Introduction       Part 1 – what is k–space? Part 2 – how are data acquired and how are images created from this data? Part 3 –some important facts about k–space Part 4: how do pulse sequences fill k–space? Part 5: options that fill k–space Further reading Chapter 7 Protocol optimization               Introduction       Signal to noise ratio (SNR)            Contrast to noise ratio (CNR)      Spatial resolution             Scan time            Trade–offs           Protocol development and modification Further reading Chapter 8 Artefacts        Introduction       Phase mismapping          Aliasing Chemical shift artefact   Out of phase signal cancellation Magnetic susceptibility artefact Truncation artefact         Cross–excitation/cross–talk          Zipper artefact  Shading artefact               Moiré artefact   Magic angle Equipment faults              Flow artefacts Flow–dependent (non–contrast enhanced) angiography Black–blood imaging Phase contrast MRA Further reading Chapter 9 Instrumentation Introduction Magnetism Scanner configurations Magnet system Magnet shielding Shim system Gradient system RF system Patient transport system Computer system and graphic user interface Further reading Chapter 10 MRI safety   Introduction (and disclaimer) Definitions used in MRI safety Psychological effects The spatially–varying static field Electromagnetic (radiofrequency) fields Time–Varying Gradient Magnetic Fields Cryogen safety Cryogen safety Additional resources Further reading Appendix Glossary               Index