内容

目次

Part I Introduction and basic concepts   1 Crystals 1.1 Crystal morphology             1.1.1 Symmetry operations and symmetry elements             1.1.2 Crystal systems and classes             1.1.3 The Law of rational indices 1.2 Crystal structure             1.2.1 Bravais lattices             2.2.2 Space groups             2.2.3 Determination of crystal structures by X-ray diffraction 1.3 Crystal chemistry             1.3.1 Basic concepts             1.3.2 Types of chemical bonds                     1.3.3 Some important terms of crystal chemistry 1.4. Physical properties of crystals             1.4.1 Hardness and cohesion             1.4.2 Thermal conductivity             1.4.3 Electric properties             1.4.4 Magnetic properties 1.5 Optical crystallography             1.5.1 Basic bonds             1.5.2 Basic principles of microscopy in transmitted light             1.5.3 Basic principles of microscopy reflected light References   2 Minerals 2.1 Definition of the term mineral 2.2 Identification and classification of minerals 2.3 Mode of occurrence 2.4 Rock-forming and economic minerals   2.4.1 Rock-forming minerals             2.4.2 Economic minerals             2.4.3 Gemstones 2.5 Biomineralisation and medical mineralogy             2.5.1 Biogenic mineral formation             2.5.2 Medical mineralogy References   3 Rocks 3.1 Mineralogical composition of rocks 3.2 Relationships between lithogeochemistry and mineralogy 3.3 Rock fabric             3.3.1 Texture (microstructure)             3.3.2 Structure 3.4 Field relationships 3.5 Principal rock-forming processes 3.6 Mineral deposits References   Part II Systematic mineralogy – a selection of important minerals   4. Elements 4.1 Metals 4.2 Metalloids (semi-metals) 4.3 Non-metals References   5 Sulfides, arsenides and complex sulfides (sulfosalts) 5.1 Metal su^ 1:1 (generally 2:1) 5.2 Metal sulfides and arsenites with M:S = 1:1 5.3 Metal sulfides, sulfarsenides and arsenites  with M:S ≤ 1:2 5.4 Arsenic sulfides 5.5 Complex metal sulfides (sulfosalts) References   6 Halides References   7 Oxides and hydroxides 7.1 M2O compounds 7.2 M3O4 compounds 7.3 M2O3 compounds 7.4 MO2 compounds 7.5 Hydroxides References   8 Carbonates, nitrates, borates 8.1 Calcite group 32/m 8.2 Aragonite group 2/m2/m2/m 8.3 Dolomite group 8.4 Azurite–malachite group 8.5 Nitrates 8.6 Borates References   9 Sulfates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates 9.1 Sulfates 9.2 Chromates 9.3 Molybdates and wolframates References   10 Phosphates, arsenates, vanadates References   11 Silicates 11.1 Orthosilicates (nesosilicates) 11.2 Disilicates (sorosilicates) 11.3 Ring silicates (cyclosilicates) 11.4 Chain silicates (inosilicates)             11.4.1 Pyroxenes             11.4.2 Pyroxenoids             11.4.3 Amphiboles 11.5 Sheet silicates (phyllosilicates)             11.5.1 Pyrophyllite–talc group             11.5.2 Mica group             11.5.3 Hydro-mica group             11.5.4 Brittle mica group             11.5.5 Chlorite series             11.5.6 Serpentine group             11.5.7 Clay minerals             11.5.8 Apophyllite group 11.6 Framework silicates             11.6.1 SiO2 minerals             11.6.2 Feldspar family             11.6.3 Feldspathoids             11.6.4 Cancrinite group             11.6.5 Scapolite group             11.6.6 Zeolite family   References   12 Fluid inclusions in minerals References   Part III Petrology and metallogenesis   13. Igneous rocks 13.1. Classification of igneous rocks             13.1.1 Principal classification based on geological position and fabric             13.1.2 Classification based on mineralogy             13.1.3 Classification based on bulk chemical composition 13.2 Petrography of igneous rocks             13.2.1 Subalkaline magmatic rocks             13.2.2 Alkaline magmatic rocks             13.2.3 Carbonatite, kimberlite and lamproite References   14 Volcanism 14.1 Effusive volcanism: lava flows 14.2 Extrusive volcanism 14.3 Explosive volcanism 14.4 Mixed volcanic activity: stratovolcanoes 14.5 Volcanic exhalations References   15 Plutonism 15.1 Volcanic roots and magma chambers 15.2 Shapes of plutonic and subvolcanic intrusive bodies 15.3 Internal structure and emplacement of intrusive bodies             15.3.1 Internal structure of plutons             15.3.2 Emplacement mechanisms             15.3.3 Layered intrusions References   16 Magma and lava 16.1 Chemical composition and structure of magma 16.2 Volcanic gases 16.3 Temperatures of magmat             16.3.1 Direct measurement by pyrometry             16.3.2 Melting experiments on natural rocks 16.4 Viscosity of magmas and lavas 16.5 Solubility of volatiles in magma References   17 Formation and evolution of magmas 17.1 Magma series 17.2 Primary and parental melts             17.2.1 Primary basaltic melts             17.2.2 Granitic melts 17.3 Magma mixing 17.4 Magmatic differentiation             17.4.1 Fractional crystallisation             17.4.2 Liquid immiscibility 17.5 Assimilation References   18 Experiments in simplified model systems     18.1 The Gibbs’ Phase Rule 18.2 Experiments in binary and ternary systems             18.2.1 Experiments modelling the fractional crystallisation of basaltic magmas             18.2.2 Experiments modelling the formation of SiO2-oversaturated and undersaturated                        magmas             18.2.3 Experiments on the phase relations of mafic minerals in basaltic melts 18.3 Bowens’s Reaction Series 18.4 The basalt tetrahedron of Yoder and Tilley (1962) 18.5 Equilibrium melting and fractionated melting References   19 The origin of basalt 19.1 Basalt types and plate tectonics 19.2 Formation of basaltic melts by partial melting of peridotite in Earth’s upper mantle             19.2.1 The pyrolite model             19.2.2 Partial melting of H2O-free pyrolite             19.2.3 Partial melting of H2O-bearing pyrolite References   20 The origin of granite 20.1 Petrogenetic classification of granitoids based on their chemical composition 20.2 Experiments on the petrogenesis of granite             20.2.1 Introduction             20.2.2 Crystallisation sequence in granitic melts: Experiments on the H2O-saturated                                               model system Qz–Ab–Or–H2O             20.3.3 Experimental anatexis: Experiments under H2O saturated and H2O-                        undersaturated conditions in the model system Qz–Ab–Or–H2O(–CO2)             20.2.4 The model system Qz–Ab–An–Or–H2O             20.2.5 The model system Qz–Ab–An–H2O             20.2.6 The natural granite system References   21 Orthomagmatic mineral deposits 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Mineralisation due to fractional crystallisation             21.2.1 Chromite and chromite–PGE deposits             21.2.2 Fe-Ti oxide deposits 21.3 Mineralisation due to liquid immiscibility             21.3.1 pyrrhotite–pentlandite–chalcopyrite–PGE deposits in norites and pyroxenites             21.3.2  pyrrhotite– pentlandite–chalcopyrite deposits in komatiites             21.3.3 Magnetite–apatite deposits 21.4 Carbonatite- and alkaline-magmatic rock-hosted mineralisations References   22 Pegmatites 22.1 Theoretical considerations 22.2 Field relations, petrography and petrogenesis of pegmatites 22.3 Pegmatites as sources of economic minerals 22.4 Geochemical classification of granitic pegmatites   23 Hydrothermal mineral deposits 23.1 Basic principles 23.2 Hydrothermal impregnation deposits             23.2.1 Granite-related Sn-W deposits             23.3.2 Porphyry Cu- (Mo-, Au-) deposits 23.3.3 Impregnations with native copper (Lake Superior type) 23.3 Hydrothermal replacement deposits             23.3.1 Skarn deposits             23.3.2 Mesothermal Cu–As replacement deposits             23.3.3 Hydrothermal Pb–Ag–Zn replacement deposits             23.3.4 Hyrothermal gold–pyrite replacement deposits (Carlin type)             23.3.5 Metasomatic siderite deposits 23.4 Hydrothermal vein-type deposits             23.4.1 Orogenic gold–quartz veins             23.4.2 Epithermal Au- and Au–Ag veins (subvolcanic)             23.4.3 Mesothermal Cu ore veins              23.4.4 Pb–Ag–Zn ore veins             23.4.5 Sn–Ag–Bi ore veins in the Bolivian tin belt 23.4.6 Veins of Bi–Co–Ni–Ag–U ore             23.4.7 Telethermal stibnite–quartz veins             23.4.8 Hydrothermal siderite and haematite veins             23.4.9 Non-metallic hydrothermal veins             23.4.10 Quartz veins             23.4.11 Mineralisation in late-orogenic tension joints 23.5 Volcanogenic-sedimentary ore deposits             23.5.1 Ore formation by hydrothermal activity in the deep sea: Black smokers             23.5.2 Volcanic hosted massive sulfide-ore deposits (VMS deposits)             23.5.3 Volcanogenic massive Hg deposits             23.5.4 Magmatogenic oxide-ore deposits 23.6 Non-magmatic stratabound hydrothermal deposits             23.6.1 Sedimentary exhalative Pb–Zn deposits (SEDEX deposits)             23.6.2 Carbonate-hosted ore deposits (MVT) 23.7 Unconformity-related uranium deposits References   24. Weathering and mineral formation in soils 24.1 Mechanical weathering 24.2 Chemical weathering             24.2.1 Highly soluble minerals                     24.2.2 Silicate weathering 24.3 Subaerial weathering and climate zones 24.4 On the definition of the term soil 24.5 Weathering of silicate rocks and related deposits              24.5.1 Residual clay and other kaolin deposits             24.5.2 Bentonite             24.5.3 Bauxite             24.5.4 Fe-, Mn- and Co-rich laterite             24.5.5 Ni- and Co-rich laterite             24.5.6 Other residual deposits 24.6 Weathering of sulfidic ore bodies             24.6.1 Oxidation zone                                   24.6.2 Cementation zone         &nbsp