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CONTENTS Preface xi Dedication 1 Acknowledgements 1 1 Chest 1.1 Chest wall and pleura 4 Chest wall: bony and soft tissue lesions 4 Diseases of the pleura 8 Pleural effusion 12 Pneumothorax 14 Diaphragmatic hernia/eventration 16 1.2 Mediastinum 18 Mediastinitis 18 Anterior mediastinal masses 20 Middle mediastinal masses 26 Posterior mediastinal masses 32 Miscellaneous mediastinal masses 34 Pericardial conditions 36 1.3 Pulmonary infection 38 Lobar pneumonia 38 Bronchopneumonia, anaerobic and atypical pneumonia 40 Pulmonary tuberculosis 42 Fungal infections 44 Metazoal and protozoal diseases 48 Pulmonary complications of HIV infection 50 1.4 Large airway disease 52 Tracheal disorders 52 Bronchiectasis 56 Congenital airway disorders 58 Emphysema 60 Chronic bronchitis and asthma 62 Miscellaneous airway disorders 64 1.5 Pulmonary lobar collapse 66 Mechanisms and radiographic appearances 66 Patterns of lobar collapse 68 1.6 Pulmonary neoplasms 72 Evaluation of the solitary pulmonary nodule 72 Lung cancer: radiological features 74 Lung cancer: pearls 76 Lymphoproliferative disorders 78 Benign pulmonary tumours 80 Miscellaneous pulmonary malignancies 82 1.7 High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) 84 Hrct patterns of diffuse lung disease 84 Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias 86 Sarcoidosis 90 Connective tissue diseases 92 Systemic vasculitides 98 Drug-Induced lung disease 100 Silicosis/coal workers' pneumoconiosis 102 Asbestos-related disease 104 Miscellaneous interstitial lung diseases 106 1.8 Chest trauma 110 Chest wall and lung trauma 110 Trauma to the diaphragm 112 Mediastinal trauma 114 1.9 Airspace disease 116 Airspace disease 116 1.10 Paediatric chest 122 Congenital chest abnormalities 122 Causes of neonatal respiratory distress 128 Normal paediatric chest and problems with mechanical ventilation 132 1.11 Miscellaneous itu chest conditions 134 Lung transplantation 134 Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) 136 Itu chest imaging 138 2 Cardiovascular System 143 2.1 Congenital heart disease (introduction) Introduction 144 Cyanotic congenital heart disease 146 Acyanotic congenital heart disease 156 Anomalies of the aortic arch (vascular rings) 158 Septal defects 160 Acyanotic heart disease 162 Other anomalies 164 2.2 Non-ischaemic acquired heart disease 166 Acquired mitral valve disease 166 Acquired aortic valve disease 168 Tricuspid and pulmonary valve disease 170 Cardiomyopathies 174 Cardiac tumours 178 Cardiac trauma 180 2.3 Pulmonary circulation and Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) and thromboembolism 182 Pulmonary thromboembolic disease 182 Pulmonary vascular patterns 186 2.4 The aorta 192 Aortic rupture 192 Aortic dissection 194 Aortic aneurysms 198 Mid-aortic syndrome and takaysu's disease of the aorta 202 Aortic occlusive disease 204 2.5 Peripheral vascular disease 210 Gastrointestinal vascular disorders 210 Carotid artery stenosis 212 Peripheral vascular disease of the lower extremities 214 Disorders of the venous system 216 Miscellaneous vascular disorders 218 2.6 Ischaemic heart disease 220 Conventional coronary angiography and echocardiography 220 Ct imaging in ischaemic heart disease 222 Mr imaging in ischaemic heart disease 224 Nuclear cardiac imaging 226 Manifestations of atheromatous coronary artery disease 230 3 Gastrointestinal 236 3.1 Oesophagus 238 Hiatus hernia and reflux 238 Oesophagitis and benign strictures 240 Benign and malignant oesophageal tumours 242 Oesophageal carcinoma 244 Oesophageal dysmotility disorders 248 Miscellaneous oesophageal conditions 250 3.2 Stomach 252 Benign gastric ulcers 252 Gastritis 254 Benign and malignant gastric tumours 258 Gastric carcinoma 260 Gastric surgery 264 Miscellaneous gastric conditions 266 3.3 Duodenum 270 Peptic ulceration, gastric heterotopia, duodenal diverticula 270 Benign and malignant duodenal tumours 272 Miscellaneous duodenal conditions 274 3.4 Small bowel 276 Crohn's disease (CD) 276 Infections/infestations of the small bowel 278 Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) and carcinoid tumours 280 Benign and malignant small bowel tumours 282 Causes of small bowel obstruction 284 Miscellaneous small bowel disorders 286 3.5 Colon 292 Ulcerative colitis and toxic megacolon 292 Colitis 294 Polyps 296 Polyposis syndromes 298 Colorectal cancer 300 Diverticulosis and large bowel strictures 304 Large bowel obstruction 306 Miscellaneous disorders of the large bowel 308 3.6 Liver 312 Anatomy and imaging techniques 312 Benign diffuse liver disease 314 Cirrhosis 316 Benign solid liver lesions 318 Malignant solid liver lesions 326 Hepatic vascular lesions 332 Miscellaneous liver conditions 338 Liver transplantation and interventional techniques 344 Diffusion-weighted mr imaging of the liver 346 Mr contrast agents and the liver 348 3.7 Biliary 350 Methods of investigation 350 Cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis 352 Cholecystitis 354 Miscellaneous gallbladder conditions 356 Benign biliary strictures 358 Malignant biliary tumours 360 Biliary atresia and hypoplasia 362 Miscellaneous bile duct disorders 364 3.8 Pancreas 366 Congenital abnormalities 366 Pancreatitis 368 Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma 372 Cystic pancreatic tumours 374 Endocrine and islet cell pancreatic tumours 376 Pancreatic trauma, transplant and intervention 378 3.9 Spleen 380 Miscellaneous splenic conditions 380 3.10 Peritoneum, mesentery and omentum 382 Benign diseases 382 Developmental anomalies of the mesentery 384 Infective/inflammatory conditions of the mesentery 386 Neoplastic peritoneal/omental disorders 388 Neoplastic mesenteric disorders 390 3.11 Plain abdominal radiograph 392 Abnormal gas distribution 392 3.12 Paediatric gastrointestinal disorders 394 Abdominal wall defects 394 Gastrointestinal causes of neonatal vomiting 396 Oesophageal atresia (OA) and tracheo-oesophageal fistula (TOF) 398 Malrotation 400 Delayed passage of meconium 402 Abdominal manifestations of cystic fibrosis 404 Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) 406 Anorectal malformations 408 Neuroblastoma (NB) 410 Miscellaneous paediatric gastrointestinal disorders 412 4 Genitourinary 415 4.1 Kidneys 416 Renal parenchymal disease 416 Renal tract infection/inflammation 418 Renal artery stenosis (RAS) 424 Renal vascular abnormalities 426 Benign renal masses 430 Renal parenchymal malignancies 432 Other malignancies 434 Transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract 436 Renal failure 438 Renal transplantation: assessment 440 Renal transplantation: postoperative complications 442 Urolithiasis 444 Methods of imaging in obstruction 446 Dilatation of the urinary tract 448 Upper urinary tract trauma 450 4.2 Bladder 454 Miscellaneous bladder conditions 454 Bladder tumours 456 Lower urinary tract trauma 458 4.3 Prostate 460 Prostate: benign disorders 460 Carcinoma of the prostate 462 Prostate anatomy and imaging 464 4.4 Urethra 466 Urethra: benign disorders 466 Tumours of the urethra 468 4.5 Male reproductive system 470 Cryptorchidism and testicular torsion 470 Primary testicular malignancies 472 Miscellaneous scrotal lesions 474 Miscellaneous penile conditions 476 4.6 Paediatric genitourinary disorders 478 Duplex kidney 478 Congenital renal anomalies 480 Congenital renal cystic disease 484 Childhood renal malignancies 488 Paediatric pelvic and scrotal malignancies 492 5 Musculoskeletal System 494 5.1 Skeletal trauma 496 Introduction 496 Assessment of cervical spine injuries 498 Spinal injuries 500 Shoulder injuries 506 Upper extremity injuries 512 Carpal bone injuries 514 Wrist and hand injuries 518 Pelvic injuries 520 Hip injuries 522 Avascular necrosis of the hip 526 Knee and lower leg fractures 528 Knee soft tissue injuries 532 Ankle injuries 536 Foot injuries 538 5.2 Paediatric fractures 540 Specific paediatric fractures 540 Radiology of non-accidental injury 542 Skeletal and brain injuries in non-accidental injury 544 5.3 Soft tissue imaging 550 Localized calcification and ossification 550 Generalized soft tissue calcification 552 Soft tissue masses 554 5.4 General characteristics of bone tumours 558 General characteristics of bone tumours 558 5.5 Benign bone tumours 560 Chondroid origin 560 Osteoid origin 564 Osteoid origin/tumours of neural tissue 566 Cystic lesions 568 Giant cell tumour/lipomatous bone lesions 570 Fibrous origin 572 Vascular origin 574 Miscellaneous bone lesions 576 5.6 Malignant bone tumours 580 Chondroid origin 580 Osteosarcoma 582 Other varieties of osteosarcoma 584 Fibrous origin 586 Medullary origin 588 Miscellaneous malignant bone tumours 590 Bone metastases 592 5.7 Metabolic and endocrine skeletal disease 594 Osteoporosis 594 Vitamin D deficiency 596 Endocrine bone disorders 598 Metabolic bone disorders 602 5.8 Joint disease 610 Introduction 610 Osteoarthritis 612 Haemophilic and neuropathic arthropathies 614 Juvenile idiopathic arthritis and dish 616 Rheumatoid arthritis 618 Seronegative spondyloarthropathy 620 Depositional arthropathy 624 Polyarthritis associated with other diseases 630 5.9 Bone and soft tissue infection 636 Acute osteomyelitis 636 Chronic osteomyelitis 638 Miscellaneous bone and soft tissue infections 642 5.10 Congenital skeletal anomalies 646 Developmental skeletal anomalies 646 Selected osteochondrodysplasias 648 Localized disorders of the skeleton 658 Haemoglobinopathies 662 5.11 Myeloproliferative disorders 666 Reticuloendothelial disorders 666 White cell disorders 668 Plasma cell dyscrasias 670 6 Women's Imaging 675 6.1 Breast 676 Introduction 676 Benign mass lesions 678 Microcalcifications 682 Invasive breast carcinoma 684 Contrast-enhanced MRI in breast cancer 688 6.2 Gynaecology 690 Imaging techniques in gynaecology 690 Congenital anomalies of the female genital tract 692 Benign uterine conditions 694 Endometrial carcinoma 698 Carcinoma of the cervix 700 Benign ovarian tumours 702 Endometriosis, polycystic ovaries and physiological ovarian cysts 704 Ovarian carcinoma 706 Miscellaneous gynaecological conditions 710 7 Neuroradiology 714 7.1 Intracranial tumours 716 Imaging techniques and general features 716 Classification of intracranial tumours 718 Gliomas 720 Infratentorial tumours 724 Supratentorial tumours 730 Extra-axial tumours 732 Meningioma and skull base tumours 734 Cerebral and meningeal metastases 736 Intraventricular tumours 738 Pituitary region tumours 740 Pineal region tumours 744 7.2 Cerebrovascular disease and non-traumatic haemorrhage 746 Cerebral ischaemia 746 Other patterns of cerebrovascular disease 750 Carotid and vertebral artery dissection 754 Non-traumatic intracranial haemorrhage 756 Cerebral artery aneurysms 758 Arteriovenous malformations 760 7.3 Brain infection, aids and demyelinating diseases 762 Intracranial infection 762 Hiv infection and aids 768 Demyelinating and inflammatory disorders 772 7.4 Brain trauma, degenerative disorders and epilepsy 776 Head injury 776 Primary and secondary cerebral injury 778 Dementias and epilepsy 780 Skull bone disease 782 Hydrocephalus 784 7.5 Paediatric neuroradiology 786 Cerebellar malformations 786 Chiari malformations 788 Cerebral malformations 790 Malformations of neuronal migration and cortical organization 792 Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1) 794 Neurocutaneous syndromes 796 Inborn metabolic brain disorders 798 Congenital skull anomalies 800 Congenital intracranial infections 802 Paediatric meningitis 804 Hypoxic-Ischaemic injury in the developing brain 806 7.6 The spine 808 Spinal dysraphism 808 Congenital spinal anomalies 810 Skeletal abnormalities 816 Vascular spinal lesions 818 Spinal tumours 820 Spinal infection 830 Infective/inflammatory disorders of the spine 832 Spinal cord trauma and the postoperative spine 834 Degenerative spinal disease 836 7.7 The orbit 842 The orbit 842 Conal and extraconal disorders 846 Intraconal disorders 848 7.8 Ear, nose and throat radiology 856 Selected disorders of the ear 856 Nose and paranasal sinuses 858 The nasopharynx 860 Disorders of the oropharynx, larynx and soft tissues of the neck 862 7.9 Dental radiology 864 Mandibular/maxillary cystic lesions 864 Tumours of bone 866 Facial trauma 868 Salivary glands 870 Salivary gland disorders 872 8 Endocrine System 875 8.1 Thyroid disorders 876 Thyroid cancer 876 Miscellaneous thyroid disorders 880 8.2 Adrenal disorders 882 Non-functional adrenal disorders 882 Adrenal hyperfunction 888 9 Lymphoma 893 9 Lymphoma 894 Lymphoma 894 Lymph node disease in lymphoma 898 Cns lymphoma 900 Pulmonary lymphoma 902 Lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract 904 Musculoskeletal lymphoma 906 Extranodal manifestations of lymphoma 908 Extranodal manifestations of lymphoma 910 Monitoring the response to therapy in lymphoma 912 10 Functional Imaging 915 10.1 Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) 917 10.2 Functional imaging 918 11 Interventional Radiology 925 11.1 Interventional vascular radiology techniques 926 11.2 Cross-sectional vascular imaging 930 11.3 Specific drainage techniques 931 11.4 Principles of tumour ablation 932 11.5 Hepatobiliary intervention 936 11.6 Genitourinary interventional radiology 940 11.7 Woman's imaging - interventional radiology 944 Obstetric haemorrhage 946 12 Appendices 949 12.1 General pearls 950 12.2 Anatomy pearls 958 12.3 Pearls in musculoskeletal imaging and pathology 962 Pearls in pathology 962 Pearls in musculoskeletal imaging 964 12.4 Patterns of tumour spread 968 12.5 Tnm staging of common cancers 974 Index 991