目次

Introduction N. N. (institution?) What makes birds suitable to study speciation? What is the historical background of this research? Where were famous people misled? Species definition and 21st-century taxonomy of birds Sangster (Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden) How were species traditionally defined? What are the limitations of these definitions? Which are modern approaches to overcome these short-comings towards integrated low-level taxonomy? Genomics of speciation Burri? (Jena University, Germany) What is an avian genome? How does it evolve? How can we study speciation by looking at fragments of genome sequences? Reproductive isolation, sperm competition Schmoll (Bielefeld University, Germany) Why is it necessary to have reproductively isolated entities to call them “species”? What is the role of sperm here? What are the consequences of sperm competition? Morphological variation: plasticity vs. adaptation Töpfer (Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany) What was the traditional role of morphology in species delimitation? How do birds differ morphologically (sex, age, season, geography)? How can we disentangle phenotypic plasticity and evolutionary adaptation? Song – the learnt language of three major bird clades Päckert (Senckenberg Natural History Collections, Dresden, Germany) Which birds are able to learn their songs? How does this speed up speciation? How can we study this? (Micro)evolutionary changes and the evolutionary potential of bird migration Liedvogel & Delmore (Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany) How are different types of bird migration regulated? How can this change in the short run? Which role does migration play in speciation? Bird distributions and their evolution Schweizer & N. N. (Natural History Museum Bern, Switzerland) Where do we find birds? What is the role of geography in speciation? How do ranges evolve? Adaptive radiations on islands Garcia-del-Rey (Macaronesian Institute of Field Ornithology, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain) What makes islands special for the study of birds? How does adaptive radiation work? How do the Galápagos, Hawaiian and Macaronesian islands differ in this respect? Diversification in mountain systems Habel & Husemann (Technische Universität, München, Germany) What makes mountain systems special for the study of birds? Why do mountains harbor such a high diversity? How do they facilitate subspecific differentiation? How do the Andes, African mountains, and the Sino-Himalayan system differ in these respects? Ecological speciation: when “survival of the fittest” drives divergence Edelaar (University Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain) What does ecological speciation mean? Which avian examples are there (brood parasites, Loxia)? Interactions between birds and plants Schleuning, Abrahamczyk & Neuschulz (Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Nees Institute for Plant Biodiversity, Bonn University, Germany) Why do birds matter for plants? How do bird-plant relationships influence evolution and ecosystem stability? Impact of climate change on birds Stiels (Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany) What are the consequences of climate change for birds? What limits range shifts? Do niches and interactions with abiotic and biotic environment “evolve”? Impact of urbanization on birds Isaksson (Lund University, Sweden) Which role does the spread of human settlements in the Anthropocene play? In how far do cities drive away or favor avian species? In which ways do urban species change to survive and reproduce? Bird “species” conservation after all that Şekercioğlu? (University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA) What can conservation learn from intraspecific evolutionary biology? What are the major threats? What needs to be studied in more detail? How should politicians “adapt”? Conclusions and open questions Price? (University of Chicago, USA)