内容

目次

Preface xiii Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 An overview of theobservations 5 1.2 Collisionless systems and the relaxation time 33 Therelaxation time 34 1.3 The cosmological context 37 Chapter 2. PotentialTheory 55 2.1 General results 56 The potential-energy tensor 59 2.2Spherical systems 60 2.3 Potential-density pairs for attened systems 72 2.4Multipole expansion 78 2.5 The potentials of spheroidal and ellipsoidalsystems 83 2.6 The potentials of disks 96 2.7 The potential of our Galaxy110 2.8 Potentials from functional expansions 118 2.9 Poisson solvers forN-body codes 122 Chapter 3. The Orbits of Stars 142 3.1 Orbits instatic spherical potentials 143 3.2 Orbits in axisymmetric potentials 1593.3 Orbits in planar non-axisymmetric potentials 171 3.4 Numerical orbitintegration 196 3.5 Angle-action variables 211 3.6 Slowly varyingpotentials 237 3.7 Perturbations and chaos 243 3.8 Orbits in ellipticalgalaxies 262 Chapter 4. Equilibria of Collisionless Systems 274 4.1 Thecollisionless Boltzmann equation 275 4.2 Jeans theorems 283 4.3 DFs forspherical systems 287 4.4 DFs for axisymmetric density distributions 3124.5 DFs for razor-thin disks 329 4.6 Using actions as arguments of the DF333 4.7 Particle-based and orbit-based models 338 4.8 The Jeans and virialequations 347 4.9 Stellar kinematics as a mass detector 365 4.10 The choiceof equilibrium 376 Chapter 5. Stability of Collisionless Systems 3945.1 Introduction 394 5.2 The response of homogeneous systems 401 5.3General theory of the response of stellar systems 417 5.4 The energyprinciple and secular stability 423 5.5 The response of spherical systems432 5.6 The stability of uniformly rotating systems 439 Chapter 6. DiskDynamics and Spiral Structure 456 6.1 Fundamentals of spiral structure 4586.2 Wave mechanics of differentially rotating disks 481 6.3 Global stabilityof differentially rotating disks 505 6.4 Damping and excitation of spiralstructure 518 6.5 Bars 528 6.6 Warping and buckling of disks 539Chapter 7. Kinetic Theory 554 7.1 Relaxation processes 555 7.2 Generalresults 559 7.3 The thermodynamics of self-gravitating systems 567 7.4 TheFokker Planck approximation 573 7.5 The evolution of spherical stellarsystems 596 7.6 Summary 633 Chapter 8. Collisions and Encounters ofStellar Systems 639 8.1 Dynamical friction 643 8.2 High-speed encounters655 8.3 Tides 674 8.4 Encounters in stellar disks 685 8.5 Mergers 695Chapter 9. Galaxy Formation 716 9.1 Linear structure formation 717 9.2Nonlinear structure formation 733 9.3 N-body simulations of clustering 7519.4 Star formation and feedback 760 9.5 Conclusions 765 Appendices A.Useful numbers 770 B. Mathematical background 771 C. Special functions 785D. Mechanics 792 E. Delaunay variables for Kepler orbits 805 F. Fluidmechanics 807 G. Discrete Fourier transforms 818 H. The Antonov Lebovitztheorem 822 I. The Doremus Feix Baumann theorem 823 J. Angular-momentumtransport in disks 825 K. Derivation of the reduction factor 830 L. Thediffusion coefficients 833 M. The distribution of binary energies 838References 842 Index 857