目次

1. Phase Identification by Selective Etching.- Phase Identification Methods.- Analytical Methods.- Chemical Etchants.- Tint Etchants.- Electrolytic Etching.- Anodizing.- Heat Tinting.- Summary.- 2. Potentiostatic Etching.- Electrochemical Background.- Etching As a Corrosion Process.- Relationship of Half-Cell Polarization to Corrosion and Etching.- Potentiostatic Polarization.- Interpretation of Polarization Curves for Application to Etching.- Principles of Potentiostatic Etching.- Comments on Empirical Procedure.- Survey of Etchants Used for Potentiostatic Etching.- Examples of Potentiostatically Etched Microstructures.- 3. Applications of the Interference Layer Method.- Objectives of Metallography.- Optical Characteristics of Metallic and Nonmetallic Phases.- Basics of the Interference Layer Method (Contrast Enhancement).- Preparation of Specimens (Grinding and Polishing).- Application of Interference Layers.- Characteristics of Layer Materials and Layers.- Applications of the Interference Layer Method.- Applications Involving Steels.- Applications Involving Nonmetallic Inclusions (Sulfides).- Applications Involving Aluminum Alloys.- Summary.- 4. Magnetic Etching.- Results.- Conclusions.- 5. The Gas-Contrasting Method.- The Gas-Contrasting Apparatus.- The Principle of Gas Contrasting.- Gas-Contrasted Microstructures.- The Interpretation of the Gas-Contrasting Effect.- Summary.- 6. Techniques for Stainless Steel Microscopy.- Historical Background.- The Nature of Stainless Steels.- Types of Stainless Steels.- General Characteristics of Metallographic Preparation.- Sensitization.- Stress-Corrosion Cracking.- Sigma Phase, Ferrite and Carbides in Austenitic Stainless Steel.- Preparation for Transmission Electron Microscopy.- Summary.- 7. Problem Using Quantitative Stereology.- Making Measurements.- What Is Measured.- What the Measurements Mean.- Instrumentation for Image Analysis.- Planning an Experiment.- Examples.- Summary.- 8. Quantitative Fractography.- Background.- Experimental Techniques.- Analytical Procedures.- Applications.- Summary.- 9. Methods and Applications of Microindentation Hardness Testing.- Hardness, Microhardness, and Microindentation Hardness.- Selecting a Microindentation Hardness Test Method.- Interconversion of Microindentation Hardness Scales.- Selecting a Microindentation Hardness Tester.- Specimen Preparation and Fixing.- Summary.- 10. The SEM As a Metallographic Tool.- SEM Image Contrast Formation.- Resolution.- Microscope Variables.- Specimen Preparation.- SEM Quantitative Metallography.- Summary.- 11. Metallography in the Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope.- The STEM Instrument.- Specimen Preparation.- Spatial Resolution in the STEM.- Imaging in the STEM.- Microdiffraction.- X-Ray Microanalysis.- Electron Energy-Loss Spectrometry (EELS).- Specimen Thickness.- Summary.- 12. Metallography and Welding Process Control.- Characteristic Features of Welds.- Solidification Microstructure.- Solid-State Transformation in Weld Metal.- Heat-Affected Zone.- Partly Molten Zone.- Welding of Dissimilar Metals.- 13. Microscopy and the Development of Free-Machining Steels.- Specimen Preparation Methods.- Macro Evidence of Microstructure.- Qualitative Metallography.- Quantitative Metallography.- Electrolytic Inclusion Extraction (EIE).- Sterological Methods.- Metallographic Techniques Applied to the Metal Cutting Process.- Conclusion.- 14. Microscopy and Titanium Alloy Development.- Metallographic Techniques.- Microstructure Development.- Alpha and Near-Alpha Phase Alloys.- Alpha+Beta Alloys.- Beta Alloys.- Summary.- 15. Use of Microscopy in Failure Analysis.- Failure Mechanisms.- Failure Analysis Methodology.- Conclusion.- 16. Microscopy and the Study of Wear.- Wear Modes.- Microscopy.- Preparation of Specimens.- Interpretation.- Metallography.- Stero-Pair Analysis.- Transmission Electron Microscopy.- Wear Debris.- Summary.- 17. Microscopy and the Study of Corrosion.- Forms and Mechanisms of Corrosion.- Investigative Methods in Corrosion Science and Engineering Practice.- Applied Microscopy—Case Studies.- Pitting Corrosion—Laboratory Studies.- Pitting Corrosion—Field Studies.- Corrosion-Erosion.- Stress Corrosion, Embrittlement, and Fracture.- Summary.