目次

PART ONE FOUNDATIONS 1 THE CHEMICAL BASIS OF LIFE 1 1–1 What is Biochemistry? 2 1–2 Biological Molecules 3 1–3 Energy and Metabolism 10 1–4 The Origin and Evolution of Life 14 2 AQUEOUS CHEMISTRY 24 2–1 Water Molecules form Hydrogen Bonds 25 2–2 The Hydrophobic Effect 30 2–3 Acid–Base Chemistry 33 2–4 Tools and Techniques: Buffers 41 PART TWO MOLECULAR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION 3 FROM GENES TO PROTEINS 51 3–1 DNA Is the Genetic Material 52 3–2 Genes Encode Proteins 61 3–3 Genomics 65 3–4 Tools and Techniques: Manipulating DNA 70 4 PROTEIN STRUCTURE 87 4–1 Proteins Are Chains of Amino Acids 89 4–2 Secondary Structure: The Conformation of the Peptide Group 96 4–3 Tertiary Structure and Protein Stability 99 4–4 Quaternary Structure 107 4–5 Tools and Techniques: Analyzing Protein Structure 108 5 PROTEIN FUNCTION 121 5–1 Myoglobin and Hemoglobin: Oxygen–Binding Proteins 122 5–2 Structural Proteins 133 5–3 Motor Proteins 144 6 HOW ENZYMES WORK 158 6–1 What Is an Enzyme? 159 6–2 The Chemistry of Catalysis 162 6–3 The Unique Properties of Enzyme Catalysts 171 6–4 Some Additional Features of Enzymes 174 7 ENZYME KINETICS AND INHIBITION 188 7–1 Introduction to Enzyme Kinetics 189 7–2 Derivation and Meaning of the Michaelis–Menten Equation 191 7–3 Enzyme Inhibition 200 8 LIPIDS AND MEMBRANES 220 8–1 Lipids 221 8–2 The Lipid Bilayer 227 8–3 Membrane Proteins 230 8–4 The Fluid Mosaic Model 233 9 MEMBRANE TRANSPORT 241 9–1 The Thermodynamics of Membrane Transport 242 9–2 Passive Transport 246 9–3 Active Transport 252 9–4 Membrane Fusion 255 10 SIGNALING 266 10–1 General Features of Signaling Pathways 267 10–2 G Protein Signaling Pathways 271 10–3 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases 277 10–4 Lipid Hormone Signaling 281 11 CARBOHYDRATES 290 11–1 Monosaccharides 291 11–2 Polysaccharides 294 11–3 Glycoproteins 299 PART THREE METABOLISM 12 METABOLISM AND BIOENERGETICS 308 12–1 Food and Fuel 309 12–2 Metabolic Pathways 314 12–3 Free Energy Changes in Metabolic Reactions 323 13 GLUCOSE METABOLISM 338 13–1 Glycolysis 339 13–2 Gluconeogenesis 354 13–3 Glycogen Synthesis and Degradation 357 13–4 The Pentose Phosphate Pathway 361 14 THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE 370 14–1 The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Reaction 371 14–2 The Eight Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle 374 14–3 Anabolic and Catabolic Functions of the Citric Acid Cycle 384 15 OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION 394 15–1 The Thermodynamics of Oxidation–Reduction Reactions 395 15–2 Mitochondrial Electron Transport 399 15–3 Chemiosmosis 408 15–4 ATP Synthase 410 16 PHOTOSYNTHESIS 420 16–1 Chloroplasts and Solar Energy 422 16–2 The Light Reactions 425 16–3 Carbon Fixation 432 17 LIPID METABOLISM 442 17–1 Fatty Acid Oxidation 445 17–2 Fatty Acid Synthesis 453 17–3 Synthesis of Other Lipids 463 18 NITROGEN METABOLISM 475 18–1 Nitrogen Fixation and Assimilation 476 18–2 Amino Acid Biosynthesis 480 18–3 Nucleotide Biosynthesis 488 18–4 Amino Acid Catabolism 494 18–5 Nitrogen Disposal: The Urea Cycle 498 19 REGULATION OF MAMMALIAN FUEL METABOLISM 509 19–1 Integration of Fuel Metabolism 510 19–2 Hormonal Control of Fuel Metabolism 515 19–3 Disorders of Fuel Metabolism 520 PART FOUR GENETIC INFORMATION 20 DNA REPLICATION AND REPAIR 529 20–1 DNA Supercoiling 530 20–2 The DNA Replication Machinery 533 20–3 Telomeres 540 20–4 DNA Damage and Repair 543 20–5 DNA Packaging 552 21 TRANSCRIPTION AND RNA 561 21–1 Transcription Initiation 563 21–2 RNA Polymerase 571 21–3 RNA Processing 576 22 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 590 22–1 tRNA Aminoacylation 592 22–2 Ribosome Structure 596 22–3 Translation 599 22–4 Post–translational Events 608 GLOSSARY 617 SOLUTIONS 629 ANSWERS TO PRACTICE PROBLEMS PP–1 ANSWERS TO CLINICAL CONNECTION QUESTIONS CC–1 INDEX I–1