内容

目次

Foreword. Preface. List of Contributors. Introduction (EnnoBrinckmann) (with contributions from Rene Demets and Wolfgang Herfs). 1Flight Mission Scenarios. 2 Sounding Rocket Experiments. 3 Biobox onFoton and in the Space Shuttle. 3.1 Biobox-1. 3.2 Biobox-2. 3.3Biobox-3. 3.4 Biobox-4. 4 Biorack in Spacelab and Spacehab. 1 TheGravity Environment in Space Experiments (Jack J. W. A. van Loon). 1.1Introduction to Gravity Research. 1.1.1 Principle of Equivalence. 1.1.2Microgravity. 1.1.3 Artifi cial Gravity. 1.2 Gravity Phenomena on SmallObjects. 1.2.1 Sedimentation. 1.2.2 Hydrostatic Pressure. 1.2.3Diffusion. 1.2.4 Convection. 1.2.5 Diffusion/Convection. 1.2.6Buoyancy. 1.2.7 Coriolis Acceleration. 2 Primary Responses of GravitySensing in Plants (Markus Braun). 2.1 Introduction and HistoricalBackground. 2.2 Evolution of Gravity Sensing Mechanisms under the Earth'sGravity Conditions. 2.3 Specifi c Location and Unique Features of GravitySensing Cells. 2.4 Correlation between Statolith Sedimentation andGravitropic Responses. 2.5 Is the Actin Cytoskeleton Involved in GravitySensing? 2.6 Gravireceptors. 2.7 Second Messengers in Gravisignalling.2.8 Modifying Gravitational Acceleration Forces - Versatile Tools forStudying Plant Gravity Sensing Mechanisms. 2.9 Conclusions andPerspectives. 3 Physiological Responses of Higher Plants (Dieter Volkmannand Frantisek Baluska). 3.1 Introduction: Historical Overview. 3.2Terminological Aspects. 3.3 Microgravity as a Tool. 3.3.1 Equipment.3.3.2 Testable Hypotheses. 3.4 Microgravity as Stress Factor. 3.4.1Cellular Level. 3.4.2 Developmental Aspects. 3.5 Gravity-relatedParadoxes. 3.6 Gravity and Evolution. 3.7 Conclusion and Perspectives.4 Development and Gravitropism of Lentil Seedling Roots Grown inMicrogravity (Gerald Perbal and Dominique Driss-Ecole). 4.1 Introduction.4.1.1 Development of Lentil Seedlings on the Ground. 4.1.2 RootGravitropism on Earth. 4.2 Basic Hardware Used to Perform SpaceExperiments. 4.2.1 Plant Growth Chambers: The Minicontainers. 4.2.2 TheGlutaraldehyde Fixer. 4.3 Development in Space. 4.3.1 Root Orientationin Microgravity. 4.3.2 Root Growth. 4.3.3 Cell Elongation. 4.3.4Meristematic Activity. 4.4 Root Gravitropism in Space. 4.4.1 OrganelleDistribution within the Statocyte. 4.4.2 Gravisensitivity. 4.4.3Gravitropic Response. 4.5 Conclusion. 4.5.1 Action of Microgravity onRoot Growth. 4.5.2 Gravisensing Cells and Perception of Gravity by Roots.5 Biology of Adherent Cells in Microgravity (Charles A. Lambert, Charles M.Lapiere, and Betty V. Nusgens). 5.1 Why Cell Biology Research inMicrogravity? 5.2 Medical Disturbances in Astronauts. 5.2.1 Similarityto Diseases on Earth. 5.2.2 Cell Types Potentially Involved. 5.3Mechano-receptivity and -reactivity of Adherent Cells in Culture. 5.3.1Mechano-transduction at the Cell-Matrix Contacts. 5.3.2Mechano-transduction at the Cell-Cell Contacts. 5.3.3 The CytoskeletonNetwork and its Control by the Small RhoGTPases. 5.3.4 Cells React toMechanical Stress and Relaxation. 5.4 Microgravity, the Loss of a Force,Leading to Cellular Disturbances. 5.4.1 Biological View of the BiophysicalConcepts. 5.4.2 Short Time Microgravity and Space Flights. 5.4.3Modelled Altered Gravity. 5.5 From Ground Research to Investigations inMicrogravity. 5.5.1 Testable Hypotheses. 5.5.2 Experimental Strategyand Constraints. 5.5.3 The Future. 6 Microgravity and Bone CellMechanosensitivity (Rommel G. Bacabac, Jack J. W. A. van Loon, and JennekeKlein-Nulend). 6.1 Overview. 6.2 Introduction. 6.3Mechanotransduction in Bone. 6.4 Signal Transduction in Mechanosensing.6.5 Single Cell Response to Mechanical Loading. 6.6 Rate-dependentResponse by Bone Cells. 6.7 Implications of Threshold Activation: EnhancedResponse to Stochastic Stress. 6.8 Stress Response and CellularDeformation. 6.9 Towards a Quantitative Description of Bone CellMechanosensitivity. 6.10 Implications for the Extreme Condition ofUnloading Microgravity. 7 Bone Cell Biology in Microgravity (GeertCarmeliet, Lieve Coenegrachts, and Roger Bouillon). 7.1 Overview. 7.2Introduction. 7.3 Bone Remodelling: An Equilibrium between Osteoblasts andOsteoclasts. 7.4 Human Studies: Response of Bone to Space Flight. 7.5Space Flight and Unloading in the Rat Mimics Human Bone Loss. 7.6Mechanisms of Decreased Bone Formation Induced by Unloading or Space Flight.7.7 Are Osteoblastic Cells In Vitro Responding to Altered GravityConditions? 7.7.1 Proliferation and Apoptosis. 7.7.2 Differentiation:Matrix Production. 7.7.3 Differentiation: Growth Factors. 7.8 PotentialMechanisms of Altered Osteoblastic Behaviour. 7.9 Conclusion. 8 Cellsof the Immune System in Space (Lymphocytes) (Augusto Cogoli and MarianneCogoli-Greuter). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Activation of T Cells. 8.3Earliest Data. 8.4 Spacelab-1, 1983. 8.5 Spacelab D-1, 1985. 8.6Stratospheric Balloon, 1986. 8.7 Sounding Rockets Maser 3, 1989, and Maser4, 1990. 8.8 Spacelab Life Sciences SLS-1, 1991. 8.9 Russian MIRStation, Missions 7, 8, 9, 1988-1990. 8.10 Spacelab IML-1, 1992. 8.11Sounding Rockets Maxus 1B, 1992, and Maxus 2, 1995. 8.12 Spacelab IML-2,1994. 8.13 Sounding Rocket Maser 9, 2002. 8.14 Shuttle Flight STS-107,Biopack, 2003. 8.15 Ground Simulations. 8.16 Conclusion. 9Evaluation of Environmental Radiation Effects at the Single Cell Level inSpace and on Earth (Patrick Van Oostveldt, Geert Meesen, Philippe Baert, andAndre Poffi jn ). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 The Space RadiationEnvironment. 9.3 HZE Track Detection. 9.3.1 Confocal Scanning LaserMicroscopy for Track Analysis in PADC. 9.3.2 Time-resolved TrackDetection. 9.4 Results of the RAMIROS Experiment on board of the SoyuzTaxi Flight to the ISS. 9.4.1 Methods. 9.4.2 Results and Discussion.9.5 Combination of Radiation with other Biological Stress in Space Travel.9.6 Interactions between Radiation and Gravity. 9.7 General Conclusionsand Perspectives. 10 Space Radiation Biology (Gerda Horneck). 10.1Radiation Scenario in Space. 10.1.1 Cosmic Ionizing Radiation. 10.1.2Solar Electromagnetic Radiation. 10.2 Questions Tackled in Space RadiationBiology. 10.3 Results of Radiobiological Experiments in Space. 10.3.2Life and Solar Electromagnetic Radiation. 10.4 Outlook: Radiation Biologyand Future Exploratory Missions in the Solar System. Index.