目次

To the Student 1 Atomic Structure 1 The Nuclear Atom 2 2 Atomic Number and Atomic Mass 8 3 Coulombic Potential Energy 16 4 The Shell Model (I) 22 5 The Shell Model (II) 30 6 Atomic Size 40 7 Electromagnetic Radiation 44 8 Photoelectron Spectroscopy 48 9 The Shell Model (III) 56 10 Electron Configurations 60 11 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table 64 12 Electron Spin 68 Molecular Structure 13 Lewis Structures (I) 74 14 Bond Order and Bond Strength 82 15 Lewis Structures (II) 90 16 Lewis Structures (III) 96 17 Lewis Structures (IV) 102 18 Molecular Shapes 108 19 Hybrid Orbitals 118 20 Average Valence Electron Energies 122 21 Partial Charge 126 22 Polar, Nonpolar, and Ionic Bonds 132 23 Dipole Moment 136 Solids and Liquids 24 The Ionic Bond 142 25 Metals 150 26 The Bond–Type Triangle 154 27 Intermolecular Forces 159 Stoichiometry 28 The Mole Concept 166 29 Chemical Equations 170 30 Limiting Reagent 176 31 Empirical Formula 180 32 Molarity 184 Gases 33 The Ideal Gas Law 192 Thermochemistry 34 Enthalpy of Atom Combination 196 35 Enthalpy Changes in Chemical Reactions 202 Equilibrium 36 Rates of Chemical Reactions (I) 208 37 Equilibrium (I) 213 38 Equilibrium (II) 219 39 The Equilibrium Constant(I) 226 40 The Reaction Quotient 234 41 The Solubility Product 244 Acids and Bases 42 Acids and Bases 254 43 Acid Strength 258 44 Weak Acid/Base Dissociation 266 45 pH 274 46 Relative Acid Strength 279 47 Acid/Base Strength of Conjugate Pairs 286 Oxidation–Reduction 48 Redox Reactions 293 49 Oxidation Numbers 296 50 The Electrochemical Cell 300 51 The Cell Voltage 306 Thermodynamics 52 Entropy (I) 310 53 Entropy (II) 316 54 Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions 320 55 The Equilibrium Constant (II) 328 56 The Equilibrium Constant (III) 333 Kinetics 57 Rates of Chemical Reactions (II) 338 58 Integrated Rate Laws 348 59 Reaction Mechanisms (I) 356 60 Reaction Mechanisms (II) 361 61 Reaction Mechanisms (III) 373 62 Activation Energy 378 Appendix TABLE A.1 Values of Selected Fundamental Constants 381 TABLE A.2 Selected Conversion Factors 381 TABLE A.3 Standard–State Enthalpies, Free Energies, and Entropies of Atom Combination 382 Index 391