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Introduction; Part I. Nuclear Weapons and Jus Ad Bellum Gro Nystuen and Stuart Casey-Maslen: 1. Using force by means of nuclear weapons and requirements of necessity and proportionality ad bellum Nobuo Hayashi; 2. Legality under jus ad bellum of the threat of use of nuclear weapons Nobuo Hayashi; 3. Nuclear weapons and the separation of jus ad bellum and jus in bello Jasmine Moussa; Part II. Nuclear Weapons and International Humanitarian Law: 4. The use of nuclear weapons under rules governing the conduct of hostilities Stuart Casey-Maslen; 5. Nuclear weapons and the unnecessary suffering rule Simon O'Connor; 6. Threats of use of nuclear weapons and international humanitarian law Gro Nystuen; 7. The use of nuclear weapons as a reprisal under international humanitarian law Stuart Casey-Maslen; Part III. International Criminal Law: 8. Use of nuclear weapons as genocide, a crime against humanity, or a war crime Stuart Casey-Maslen; 9. Use of nuclear weapons as an international crime and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Annie Golden Bersagel; Part IV. International Environmental Law: 10. Use of nuclear weapons and protection of the environment during international armed conflict Erik V. Koppe; 11. Environmental approaches to nuclear weapons Martina Kunz and Jorge E. Vinuales; 12. The testing of nuclear weapons under international law Don MacKay; Part V. International Disarmament Law: 13. International law, nuclear weapon-free zones, and the proposed zone free of weapons of mass destruction in the Middle East Marco Roscini; 14. Nuclear weapon-free zones: the political context Cecilie Hellestveit and Daniel Mekonnen; 15. The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Gro Nystuen and Torbjorn Graff Hugo; 16. The legal meaning and implications of Article VI of the Non-Proliferation Treaty Daniel H. Joyner; 17. Armed non-state actors and 'nuclear terrorism' Stuart Casey-Maslen; Part VI. International Human Rights Law: 18. Human rights law and nuclear weapons Louise Doswald-Beck; 19. The right to a remedy and reparation for the use of nuclear weapons Stuart Casey-Maslen; Part VII. The Legality of Nuclear Weapons under International Law: 20. Conclusions on the status of nuclear weapons under international law Gro Nystuen .