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CRIME and CRIMINAL JUSTICE in AMERICA, Third Edition Contents in Detail Preface / Acknowledgements Section 1. The Criminal Justice System and Social Control CHAPTER 1 Criminal Justice as Social Control What is the criminal justice "system?" Is it a system? What is social control? How does the "social contract" justify state power? What is the historical foundation of our legal system? How big is the criminal justice system compared to 50 years ago? What are some current issues in criminal justice today? How do ideologies affect objective analysis of criminal justice issues? Focus on Data: Are illegal immigrants more likely to be criminal? SUMMARY CRITICAL THINKING EXERCISES CHAPTER 2 Crime in Society What is crime? What is the role of legislators, victims, police, and prosecutors in defining crimes? What sources do we use to find out about the patterns of crime? What crimes are people most frequently arrested for? What do we know about homicide? What has been the pattern of crime over the years? Has it declined? Does the public have an accurate perception about the prevalence of crime? How do the crime rates of the United States compare to other countries? Focus on Data: Is There a Ferguson Effect? Is There a Current Crime Wave? SUMMARY CRITICAL THINKING EXERCISES CHAPTER 3 Why Has Crime Declined? Crime Theory What are the explanations for the decline of crime? What are some methodological issues in the question: why do people commit crime? Who commits crime? Focus on Data: Are blacks more criminal than whites? What are the major criminological theories of crime? What do biological theories of crime say about who commits crime and why? What do psychological theories of crime say about who commits crime and why? What do sociological theories of crime say about who commits crime and why? What are some other theories of crime? How do theories of crime relate to what we do to criminals? SUMMARY CRITICAL THINKING EXERCISES SECTION 2 Law Enforcement as Social Control CHAPTER 4 Police in America What is the function of policing? What are the major issues facing policing today? Focus on Data: Are Police Officers Under Attack? How many police officers are there and who are they? What is the difference between federal, state, and local law enforcement? How did modern policing evolve? What is community policing? SUMMARY CRITICAL THINKING EXERCISES CHAPTER 5 Police Operations How are police officers selected and trained? What is the difference between proactive and reactive policing? How has technology affected policing? Is police officer stress a problem and, if so, what is the role of organizational justice? What is the police subculture? What are some types of police misconduct? Do police officers discriminate against minorities? What is the law and policy concerning police use of force? Focus on Data: Do police officers abuse their power to use lethal force? What were the recommendations of the 21st Century Presidents’ Task Force on Policing? SUMMARY CRITICAL THINKING EXERCISES CHAPTER 6 Policing and the Legal Process What is the source of our rights against police power? When can police "seize" a person in any way? When can police search without a warrant? Do police need a warrant to obtain a blood sample? Breathalyzer Test? Saliva? Urine? Hair? Do police need a warrant to obtain a handwriting sample? Clothing? Line-Ups? Photo Arrays? What are our rights during interrogation? What is the exclusionary rule? Focus on Data: Do gun control laws reduce gun-related violence? SUMMARY CRITICAL THINKING EXERCISES SECTION 3 The Law as Social Control CHAPTER 7 Law and Society What is the purpose of law? What is the purpose of criminal law? What is the origin of our legal system? What are some differences between civil and criminal law? What are some constitutional challenges to creating laws? What are the elements of a crime? What are some defenses to criminal culpability? What are some recent issues in criminal law? Focus on Data: Is Medical Marijuana Crime or Cure? SUMMARY CRITICAL THINKING EXERCISES CHAPTER 8 Criminal Prosecution What are the different levels of courts? What are specialized courts? Focus on Data: Are Specialized Courts Effective? How do prosecutors decide whether and what to charge? What are the duties of a defense attorney? What is the role of a judge? How are they selected? What is the jurisdiction of federal courts? How does due process protect individuals against error in the criminal justice process? What are the steps of a trial? SUMMARY CRITICAL THINKING EXERCISES CHAPTER 9 Criminal Sentencing What happens in a sentencing hearing? What are the goals of sentencing? What are the types of sentences that might be given to criminal offenders? What are three-strikes sentencing laws? What is the most common sentence? What is the criticism regarding fines and fees? What recent events have occurred with federal drug sentencing? What is restorative justice? What are the legal arguments against the death penalty? Focus on Data: Is there racial disparity in sentencing? SUMMARY CRITICAL THINKING EXERCISES SECTION 4 Corrections as Social Control CHAPTER 10 Community Corrections and Correctional Classification What are the goals of corrections? What was the "rehabilitative era"? How do theories of crime relate to what we do to criminals? What is probation and how is it different from parole? How is it different from pre-trial diversion? What is the history of probation? What are some typical conditions for a probationer? What is the profile of offenders under correctional supervision? Do women on probation have different backgrounds and needs than men; if so, what are they? How many drug offenders are under correctional supervision? What are their issues? What are some current issues of probation supervision? What is revocation? How many probationers fail? What is classification? What is third generation classification? Focus on Data: Does R/N/R classification result in reduced recidivism? SUMMARY CRITICAL THINKING EXERCISES CHAPTER 11 Confinement: Jails and Prisons How many people are incarcerated in jails and prisons in the United States? What rights do prisoners have? What is prison like today compared to previous eras? Who are the prisoners in state and federal prisons? What are the elements of the prisoner subculture? Is sexual assault in prison a problem? What are the issues concerning the mentally ill in jails and prisons? Why are some prisons and jails privately run? Are private prisons less expensive? What are the differences and similarities of jails and prisons? Focus on Data: Did the increase in incarceration reduce the crime rate between 1995 and 2010? SUMMARY CRITICAL THINKING EXERCISES CHAPTER 12 Reentry and Recidivism What is the history of parole? Who is on parole? What are the problems of re-entry? What are collateral consequences of a criminal conviction? What is the Second Chance Act? What is the process for parole revocation? How many offenders recidivate and who is most likely to recidivate? Focus on Data: What is "Justice Realignment"? Has it increased crime? SUMMARY CRITICAL THINKING EXERCISES SECTION 5 Concluding Our Critical Thinking Approach To Criminal Justice CHAPTER 13 Juvenile Justice and Corrections How is the juvenile justice system different from the adult system? What have been the trends in juvenile crime? What is the profile of the juvenile offender? Focus on Data: Are Girls Becoming More Violent? What rights do juvenile offenders have? Can juveniles end up in adult courts? How? What are people referring to by the terms "zero tolerance" and "school to prison pipeline"? How many juveniles are on probation? How many youths are sent to secure detention facilities? Are juveniles as recidivistic as adults? SUMMARY CRITICAL THINKING EXERCISES 　 　 CHAPTER 14 A Critical Thinking Approach to Criminal Justice What are the major issues in studying crime today? What are the major issues in policing today? What are the major issues in courts today? What are the major issues in corrections today? What is the role of criminal justice actors in the war on terror? Focus on Data: Last Thoughts SUMMARY CRITICAL THINKING EXERCISES BIBLIOGRAPHY GLOSSARY/INDEX