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PART I: Understanding, Controlling, and Preventing Infectious Diseases A. Epidemiology and Control of Infectious Diseases 1. Principles of Epidemiology and Public Health Lucy A. McNamara and Stacey W. Martin 2. Pediatric Healthcare Epidemiology Jane D. Siegel and Judith A. Guzman-Cottrill 3. Infections Associated with Group Childcare Jennifer P. Collins and Andi L. Shane 4. Infectious Diseases in Refugee and Internationally Adopted Children Mary Allen Staat B. Prevention of Infectious Diseases 5. Passive Immunization Amanda F. Goddard and H. Cody Meissner 6. Active Immunization Raymond A. Strikas, Alison C. Mawle, Larry K. Pickering, Walter A. Orenstein 7. Antimicrobial Chemoprophylaxis John S. Bradley 8. Protection of Travelers Kevin L. Schwartz and Jay S. Keystone 9. Immunologic Development and Susceptibility to Infection Paul K. Sue, Michal Meir, and Maite de la Morena 10. Fever and the Inflammatory Response Grant S. Schulert and Alexei A. Grom PART II Clinical Syndromes and Cardinal Features of Infectious Diseases: Approach to Diagnosis and Initial Management A. Septicemia, Toxin and Inflammation-Mediated Syndromes 11. The Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS), Sepsis, and Septic Shock Judith A. Guzman-Cottrill and Louise Elaine Vaz 12. Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis and Macrophage Activation Syndrome Hayley A. Gans and David B. Lewis B. Cardinal Symptom Complexes 13. Mucocutaneous Symptom Complexes Sarah S. Long and Ishminder Kaur 14. Fever without Localizing Signs Ravi Jhaveri and Eugene D. Shapiro 15. Prolonged, Recurrent, and Periodic Fever Syndromes Kalpana Manthiram, Kathryn M. Edwards, and Sarah S. Long 16. Lymphatic System and Generalized Lymphadenopathy Mary Anne Jackson and J. Christopher Day 17. Cervical Lymphadenitis and Neck Infections Emily A. Thorell 18. Mediastinal and Hilar Lymphadenopathy Mary Anne Jackson and J. Christopher Day 19. Abdominal and Retroperitoneal Lymphadenopathy Angela L. Myers 20. Localized Lymphadenitis, Lymphadenopathy, and Lymphangitis Angela L. Myers 21. Respiratory Tract Symptom Complexes Kathleen McGann and Sarah S. Long 22. Abdominal Symptom Complexes Ishminder Kaur 23. Neurologic Symptom Complexes Geoffrey A. Weinberg and Robert Thompson-Stone 24. Musculoskeletal Symptom Complexes C. Buddy Creech C. Oral Infections and Upper and Middle Respiratory Tract Infections 25. Infections of the Oral Cavity Jana Shaw 26. The Common Cold Diane E. Pappas 27. Pharyngitis John C. Arnold and Victor Nizet 28. Infections Related to the Upper and Middle Airways Marc Tebruegge and Nigel Curtis 29. Otitis Media Stephen I. Pelton 30. Otitis Externa and Necrotizing Otitis Externa Thomas G. Boyce and Karthik Balakrishnan 31. Mastoiditis Ellen R. Wald and James H. Conway 32. Sinusitis Ellen R. Wald and Gregory P. DeMuri D. Lower Respiratory Tract Infections 33. Bronchiolitis H. Cody Meissner 34. Acute Pneumonia and its Complications Chitra S. Mani 35. Persistent and Recurrent Pneumonia Robert R. Wittler 36. Pneumonia in the Immunocompromised Host Marvin B. Harper, Grace Lee, and Kenneth McIntosh E. Cardiac and Vascular Infections 37. Endocarditis and Other Intravascular Infections St　phanie Levasseur and Lisa Saiman 38. Myocarditis Christina A. Rostad and Joseph A. Hilinski 39. Pericarditis Christina A. Rostad and Joseph A. Hilinski F. Central Nervous System Infections 40 Acute Bacterial Meningitis beyond the Neonatal Period Suresh Kumar Panuganti and Simon Nadel 41. Chronic Meningitis Douglas Swanson and Christopher J. Harrison 42. Recurrent Meningitis Robyn A. Livingston and Christopher J. Harrison 43. Aseptic and Viral Meningitis Jin-Young Han and Jos　 R. Romero 44. Encephalitis Carol Glaser and Karen C. Bloch 45. Para- and Postinfectious Neurologic Syndromes Jonathan B. Strober and Carol Glaser 46. Focal Suppurative Infections of the Nervous System Christopher J. Harrison 47. Eosinophilic Meningitis Marian G. Michaels and Klara M. Posfay-Barbe 48. Urinary Tract Infections, Renal Abcess, and Other Complex Renal Infections Michael Davenport and Linda M. Dairiki Shortliffe G. Genitourinary Tract Infections 49. Sexually Transmitted Infection Syndromes Margaret J. Blythe 50. Skin and Mucous Membrane Infections and Inguinal Lymphadenopathy Monica E. Patton and Kimberly A. Workowski 51. Urethritis, Vulvovaginitis, and Cervicitis Paula K. Braverman 52. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Eloisa Llata and Harold C. Wiesenfeld 53. Epididymitis, Orchitis, and Prostatitis Noni E. MacDonald and William R. Bowie 54. Infectious Diseases in Child Abuse Beth Emerson and Kirsten Bechtel H. Gastrointestinal Tract Infections and Intoxications 55. Approach to the Diagnosis and Management of Gastrointestinal Tract Infections Jumi Yi and Andi L. Shane 56. Viral Gastroenteritis Eyal Leshem and Ben A. Lopman 57. Inflammatory Enteritis David Blanco and Harpreet Pall 58. Necrotizing Enterocolitis Kanecia Zimmerman and Daniel K. Benjamin, Jr. 59. Enteric Diseases Transmitted Through Food, Water, and Zoonotic Exposures Karen P. Neil, Jonathan S. Yoder, Aron J. Hall, and Anna Bowen I. Intra-abdominal Infections 60. Acute Hepatitis Vahe Badalyan, Laurie Conklin and John D. Snyder 61. Chronic Hepatitis Parvathi Mohan, Muhammad Khan, and John D. Snyder 62. Granulomatious Hepatitis Beverly L. Connelly 63. Acute Pancreatitis Beverly L. Connelly 64. Cholecystitis and Cholangitis Beverly L. Connelly 65. Peritonitis Shawn J. Rangel, Samuel E. Rice-Townsend, Mahima Karki, and R. Lawrence Moss 66. Appendicitis Marion C. W. Henry and R. Lawrence Moss 67. Intra-Abdominal, Visceral, and Retroperitoneal Abscesses Karen A. Diefenbach and R. Lawrence Moss J. Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections 68. Superficial Bacterial Skin Infections and Cellulitis Hillary S. Lawrence and Amy Jo Nopper 69. Erythematous Macules and Papules Brittany S. Barros and Andrea L. Zaenglein 70. Vesicles and Bullae James Treat 71. Purpura Melissa Reyes and Lawrence F. Eichenfield 72. Urticaria and Erythema Multiforme Kara N. Shah 73. Papules, Nodules and Ulcers Jennifer L. Sorrell and Christine T. Lauren 74. Subcutaneous Tissue Infections and Abscesses Catalina Matiz and Sheila Fallon Friedlander 75. Myositis, Pyomyositis, and Necrotizing Fasciitis C. Buddy Creech K. Bone and Joint Infections 76. Osteomyelitis David K. Hong and Kathleen Gutierrez 77. Infectious and Inflammatory Arthritis David K. Hong and Kathleen Gutierrez 78. Diskitis David K. Hong and Kathleen Gutierrez 79. Transient Synovitis C. Buddy Creech L. Eye Infections 80. Conjunctivitis in the Neonatal Period (Ophthalmia Neonatorum) Douglas R. Fredrick 81. Conjunctivitis beyond the Neonatal Period Douglas R. Fredrick 82. Infective Keratitis Douglas R. Fredrick 83. Infective Uveitis, Retinitis, and Chorioretinitis Douglas R. Fredrick 84. Endophthalmitis Douglas R. Fredrick 85. Preseptal and Orbital Infections Ellen R. Wald M. Infections Related to Trauma 86. Infection following Trauma Sarah L. Wingerter 87. Infection following Burns Jane M. Gould 88. Infection following Bites Marvin B. Harper and Sarah Wingerter 89. Infections Related to Pets and Exotic Animals Joseph A. Bocchini 90. Tickborne Infections Kristina Bryant N. Infections of the Fetus and Newborn 91. Clinical Approach to the Infected Neonate Jessica E. Ericson and Daniel K. Benjamin, Jr 92. Bacterial Infections in the Neonate Morven S. Edwards and Carol J. Baker 93. Viral Infections in the Fetus and Neonate Robert F. Pass and Swetha Pinninti 94. Hospital-Associated Infections in the Neonate Laura Sass and M. Gary Karlowicz O. Infections and Transplantation 95. Infections in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients Michael Green and Marian G. Michaels 96. Infections in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients Jorge Luj　n-Zilbermann and David M. Berman P. Infections and Cancer 97. Fever and Granulocytopenia Monica I. Ardura and Andrew Y. Koh 98. Infections in Children with Cancer Monica I. Ardura and Andrew Y. Koh Q. Infections Associated with Hospitalization and Medical Devices 99. Healthcare-Associated Infections Jane M. Gould and Susan E. Coffin 100. Clinical Syndromes of Device-Associated Infections Julia S. Sammons and Jeffrey S. Gerber R. Infections in Patients with Deficient Defenses 101. Evaluation of the Child with Suspected Immunodeficiency E. Stephen Buescher 102. Infectious Complications of Antibody Deficiency Elisabeth E. Adderson 103. Complement in Control of Infectious Agents Michael M. Frank 104. Infectious Complications of Dysfunction or Deficiency of Polymorphonuclear and Mononuclear Phagocytes E. Stephen Buescher 105. Infectious Complications of Cell-Mediated Immunity Other than AIDS: Primary Immunodeficiencies David B. Lewis 106. Infectious Complications in Special Hosts Lara A. Danziger-Isakov, David A. Rosen, Jane L. Burns, and David A. Hunstad 107. Infections Related to Biologic Modifier Therapy H. Dele Davies 108. Infectious Complications of Corticosteroid Therapy Kari A. Simonsen and H. Dele Davies S. Human Immunodeficiency Virus and the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome 109. Epidemiology and Prevention of HIV Infection in Children and Adolescents Jennifer S. Read 110 Immunopathogenesis of HIV-1 Infection Grace M. Aldrovandi, Chiara Cerini, and Nicole H. Tobin 111. Diagnosis and Clinical Manifestations of HIV Infection Paul Krogstad 112. Infectious Complications of HIV Infection Allison L. Agwu and Russell B. Van Dyke 113. Chapter 113. Management of HIV Infection George Kelly Siberry PART III. Etiologic Agents of Infectious Diseases A. Bacteria 114. Classification of Bacteria Joseph W. St. Geme III and Katherine A Rempe Gram-Positive Cocci 115. Staphylococcus aureus Robert S. Daum 116. Staphylococcus epidermidis and Other Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Philip Toltzis 117. Classification of Streptococci David B. Haslam and Joseph W. St. Geme III 118. Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus) Victor Nizet and John C. Arnold 119. Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus) Morven S. Edwards and Carol J. Baker Proofs to Edwards 120. Enterococcus Species David B. Haslam and Joseph W. St. Geme III 121. Viridans Streptococci, Abiotrophia and Granulicatella Species, and Streptococcus bovis Group David B. Haslam and Joseph W. St. Geme III 122. Groups C and G Streptococci David B. Haslam and Joseph W. St. Geme III 123. Streptococcus pneumoniae Krow Ampofo and Carrie L. Byington 124. Other Gram-Positive, Catalase-Negative Cocci: Leuconostoc and Pediococcus Species David B. Haslam and Joseph W. St. Geme III Gram-NEGATIVE Cocci 125. Neisseria meningitidis Andrew J. Pollard and Adam Finn 126. Neisseria gonorrhoeae Katherine K. Hsu and Zoon Wangu 127. Other Neisseria Species Zoon Wangu and Katherine K. Hsu Gram-Positive BACILLI 128 Arcanobacterium haemolyticum Denise F. Bratcher 129. Bacillus Species (Anthrax) Denise F. Bratcher 130. Corynebacterium diphtheriae Irini Daskalaki 131. Other Corynebacteria Denise F. Bratcher 132. Listeria monocytogenes Monica M. Farley 133. Other Gram-Positive Bacilli Denise F. Bratcher 134. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Silvia S. Chiang and Jeffrey R. Starke 135. Mycobacterium Species Non-tuberculosis Marc Tebruegge and Nigel Curtis 136. Nocardia Species Ellen Gould Chadwick and Richard B. Thomson, Jr. ENTEROBACTERIACEAE: GRAM-NEGATIVE BACILLI 137. Escherichia coli Edwin J. Asturias 138 Klebsiella and Raoultella Species William J. Barson and Amy Leber 139. Klebsiella (Calymmatobacterium) granulomatis (Granuloma Inguinale) Bradley P. Stoner 140. Enterobacter, Cronobacter, and Pantoea Species Dennis J. Cunningham and Amy Leber 141. Citrobacter Species Stella Antonara and Monica I. Ardura 142. Less Commonly Encountered Enterobacteriaceae Joshua R. Watson, Rebecca Wallihan, and Stella Antonara 143 Plesiomonas shigelloides Shai Ashkenazi 144. Proteus, Providencia, and Morganella Species William J. Barson and Stella Antonara 145. Serratia Species Eunkyung Song, Asuncion Mejias, and Stella Antonara 146. Salmonella Species Megan E. Reller 147 Shigella Species Shai Ashkenazi 148. Yersinia Species Theresa J. Ochoa and Miguel O'Ryan NONENTEROBACTERIACEAE: GRAM-NEGATIVE BACILLI 149 Acinetobacter Species Guliz Erdem and Amy Leber 150 Aeromonas Species Miguel O'Ryan and Yalda C. Lucero 151. Less Commonly Encountered Nonenteric Gram-Negative Bacilli Michael T. Brady and Amy Leber 152. Eikenella, Pasteurella, and Chromobacterium Species Guliz Erdem and Amy Leber 153. Moraxella Species Eugene Leibovitz and David Greenberg 154. Pseudomonas Species and Related Organisms Jane L. Burns 155. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Paul J. Planet 156. Burkholderia cepacia Complex and Other Burkholderia Species Jane L. Burns 157. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Jane L. Burns 158. Vibrio cholerae (Cholera) Janell A. Routh, Almea Matanock, and Eric D. Mintz 159. Other Vibrio Species Karen K. Wong and Patricia M. Griffin GRAM-NEGATIVE COCCOBACILLI 160. Bartonella Species (Cat-Scratch Disease) Jin-Young Han and Richard F. Jacobs 161. Brucella Species (Brucellosis) Edward J. Young 162. Bordetella pertussis (Pertussis) and Other Bordetella Species Sarah S. Long, Kathryn M. Edwards and Jussi Mertsola 163. Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli Jumi Yi and Evan J. Anderson 164. Other Campylobacter Species Bethany K. Sederdahl and Evan J. Anderson 165. Capnocytophaga Species Lorry G. Rubin 166. Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) pneumoniae Samir S. Shah 167. Chlamydia trachomatis Toni Darville and G. Ingrid J. G. Rours 168. Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) psittaci (Psittacosis) Preeta Krishnan Kutty 169. Coxiella burnetii (Q Fever) Gilbert J. Kersh 170. Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, and other members of the Family AnaplasmataceaeWilliam L. Nicholson 171. Francisella tularensis (Tularemia) Lorry G. Rubin 172. Haemophilus influenzae Joseph W. St. Geme III and Katherine A Rempe 173. Other Haemophilus Species and Aggregatibacter Species Emily Souder and Jennifer Vodzak 174. Helicobacter pylori Luis A. Castagnini, Benjamin D. Gold, and Mark A. Gilger 175. Other Gastric and Enterohepatic Helicobacter Species Jonathan D. Crews and, Mark A. Gilger 176. Kingella Species Pablo Yagupsky 177. Legionella Species Lorry G. Rubin 178. Rickettsia rickettsii (Rocky Mountain spotted fever) Christopher D. Paddock and Gerardo Alvarez-Hern　ndez 179. Other Rickettsia Species Marina E. Eremeeva and Gregory Alan Dasch 180. Streptobacillus moniliformis (Rat-Bite Fever) Lorry G. Rubin 181. Other Gram-Negative Coccobacilli Lorry G. Rubin TREPONEMATACEAE (SPIRAL ORGANISMS) 182. Treponema pallidum (Syphilis) Sarah A. Rawstron and Sarah J. Hawkes 183. Other Treponema Species Sarah A. Rawstron 184. Leptospira Species (Leptospirosis) Eugene D. Shapiro 185. Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme Disease) Eugene D. Shapiro 186. Other Borrelia Species and Spirillum minus Eugene D. Shapiro ANAEROBIC BACTERIA 187. Anaerobic Bacteria: Classification, Normal Flora, and Clinical Concepts Itzhak Brook and Sarah S. Long 188. Clostridium tetani (Tetanus) Itzhak Brook 189. Clostridium botulinum (Botulism) Sarah S. Long 190. Clostridium difficile Nalini Singh and Karl Klontz 191. Other Clostridium Species Itzhak Brook 192. Bacteroides and Prevotella Species and Other Anaerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli Itzhak Brook 193. Fusobacterium Species Neil Rellosa and Jennifer Vodzak 194. Anaerobic Cocci Debrah Meislich and Anat Feingold 195. Anaerobic Gram-Positive Nonsporulating Bacilli (including Actinomycosis) Anat R. Feingold and Debrah Meislich MYCOPLASMA 196. Mycoplasma pneumoniae Samir S. Shah 197. Other Mycoplasma Species Samir S. Shah 198. Ureaplasma urealyticum Samir S. Shah DISEASES OF POSSIBLE INFECTIOUS OR UNKNOWN ETIOLOGY 199. Kawasaki Disease Anne H. Rowley 200. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Gary S. Marshall and Bryan D. Carter B. Viruses 201. Classification of Human Viruses Robert David Siegel DNA VIRUSES: POXVIRIDAE 202. Poxviridae Brett W. Petersen DNA VIRUSES: HERPESVIRIDAE 203. Introduction to Herpesviridae David W. Kimberlin and Charles G. Prober 204. Herpes Simplex Virus David W. Kimberlin and Charles G. Prober 205. Varicella-Zoster Virus Ann M. Arvin 206. Cytomegalovirus Robert F. Pass 207. Human Herpesviruses 6 and 7 (Roseola, Exanthem Subitum) Mary T. Caserta 208. Epstein-Barr Virus (Mononucleosis and Lymphoproliferative Disorders) Ben Z. Katz 209. Human Herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus) Mary T. Caserta DNA VIRUSES: ADENOVIRIDAE 210. Adenovir