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Detailed Contents Preface x List of tables xi Glossary of acronyms xii Table of cases xiii Table of legislation xvii 1 Equality 1 1.1 Purpose 2 1.2 How fair is Britain? 2 1.3 Equality 3 1.4 Stereotyping 6 1.5 Does discrimination still take place? 7 1.6 The grounds for discrimination 9 1.7 Multiple discrimination 10 1.8 Discrimination outside employment 12 1.9 Reflections 14 2 European perspectives 16 2.1 Brexit 17 2.2 The European Union 17 2.3 The Equality Directives 18 2.4 Facilities, goods and services 25 2.5 Human rights 26 2.6 Reflections 28 3 The Equality Act 2010 30 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2 The protected characteristics 31 3.3 Prohibited conduct 32 3.4 Burden of proof 39 3.5 Equality of terms 41 3.6 Remedies 41 3.7 Liability of employers and employees 42 3.8 Relationships that have come to an end 42 3.9 Aiding contraventions 43 3.10 Contracts 43 3.11 The Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 43 3.12 Reflections 44 4 Age and ageism 46 4.1 Introduction 47 4.2 Population ageing 48 4.3 Attitudes to age 49 4.4 The Framework Directive 50 4.5 Young workers 52 4.6 Unlawful actions 53 4.7 Direct and indirect discrimination 54 4.8 The Equality Act 2010 56 4.9 Reflections 58 5 Disability 60 5.1 Introduction 61 5.2 The United Nations Convention 63 5.3 The Equality Act 2010 64 5.4 The meaning of disability 64 5.5 Unfavourable treatment 70 5.6 Duty to make adjustments 70 5.7 Positive action 72 5.8 Recruitment 72 5.9 Reflections 73 6 Pregnancy and maternity 75 6.1 Introduction 76 6.2 Discrimination 77 6.3 The Pregnant Workers Directive 79 6.4 Protection in the United Kingdom 81 6.5 The Maternity and Parental Leave etc. Regulations 1999 81 6.6 Employment rights 82 6.7 Protection from detriment and dismissal 84 6.8 Return to work 86 6.9 Shared parental leave 86 6.10 Reflections 87 7 Race, colour, ethnicity and migrant workers 89 7.1 Introduction 90 7.2 The Race Directive 91 7.3 The Equality Act 2010 92 7.4 Migrant workers 96 7.5 Reflections 103 8 Religion or belief 105 8.1 Introduction 106 8.2 Religion 106 8.3 Belief 107 8.4 The Equality Act 2010 108 8.5 Occupational requirements relating to organised religion and belief 110 8.6 Manifestation of religious belief 111 8.7 Sexual orientation 112 8.8 The European Convention on Human Rights 113 8.9 The European Court of Human Rights 115 8.10 Reflections 117 9 Sex equality 119 9.1 Introduction 120 9.2 Women and men 120 9.3 The European Union 122 9.4 The Equality Act 2010 123 9.5 Marriage or civil partnership 124 9.6 Older women 125 9.7 Equality of terms 127 9.8 Women on boards 131 9.9 Gender pay gap information and discussions about pay 132 9.10 Reflections 133 10 Sexual orientation and gender reassignment 136 10.1 Introduction 137 10.2 Sexual orientation 137 10.3 LGBT 137 10.4 Gender reassignment 140 10.5 Marriage or civil partnership 142 10.6 Reflections 143 11 Discrimination in the workplace 145 11.1 Trade union membership and activities 146 11.2 Non-standard working 148 11.3 Public sector equality duty 153 11.4 How to prevent discrimination in the workplace 154 11.5 Reflections 156 Appendix – Equality Act 2010 Part 2 158 Bibliography 168 Index 172