目次

Author 1 Introduction 2 Aristotle and a Good Life Aristotle (384–322 BC) How Aristotle’s Ideas Can Help Us Understand More about Health 3 Galen’s Four Humors: The First Medical Model Galen (AD 129–c.210) 4 The Renaissance and Roots of the Mechanical Patient, Paracelsus (1493–1541) Francis Bacon (1561–1626) William Harvey (1578–1657) René Descartes (1596–1650) Pierre-Simon Laplace (1749–1827) 5 Robert Boyle: The First Mechanical Patient Robert Boyle (1627–1691) Boyle and Samuel Hartlib Boyle and George Starkey (1628–1665) Boyle and William Petty (1623–1687) Boyle and John Wilkins (1614–1672) Boyle and Thomas Willis (1621–1675) Boyle and Robert Hooke (1635–1703) Boyle and Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) Boyle and Arthur Coga (1631–1691) Boyle and John Locke (1632–1704) Boyle and Isaac Newton (1642–1727) 6 The Story of Scurvy and the First Failed Controlled Trial George Anson, 1st Baron Anson (1697–1762) James Lind (1716–1794) James Cook (1728–1779) John Pringle (1707–1782) Sir Gilbert Blane (1749–1834) Almroth Wright (1861–1947) Axel Holst (1860–1931) and Theodor Frolich (1870–1947) Ancel Keys (1904–2004) 7 Surgery and the Mechanical Patient John Hunter (1728–1793) Fanny Burney (1772–1840) Ignaz Semmelweis (1818–1865) Joseph Lister (1827–1912) Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) Abraham Flexner (1866–1959) The Mechanical Patient in the Modern Hospital Nurses in the Modern Hospital Lili Elbe (1882–1931) Christiaan Barnard (1922–2001) Surgical Techniques PROMs 8 Medicine and the Chemical Patient Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (1689–1762) Edward Jenner (1749–1823) Louis Pasteur (1822–1895) Robert Koch (1843–1910), Ferdinand Cohn (1829–1898), and Maurice Hilleman (1919–2005) Mary Mallon (Typhoid Mary) (1869–1938) Charles Best (1899–1978), Sir Frederick Banting (1891–1941), and James Collip (1892–1965) The Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1932–1972) and Ethics Gerhard Domagk (1895–1964) Alexander Fleming (1881–1955), Howard Florey (1898–1968), and Ernst Chain (1906–1979) Henrietta Lacks (1920–1951) Ali Maow Maalin (1954–2013) Sam Wagstaff (1921–1987) and Robert Mapplethorpe (1946–1989) Brenda Zimmermann (1956–2014) 9 Genetics and the Return of Individualized Medicine Charles Darwin (1809–1882) An Aside on the Evolution of Human Consciousness Francis Galton (1822–1911) Wilhelm Beiglböck (1905–1963), Karl Brandt(1904–1948), and Josef Mengele (1911–1979) Rosalind Franklin (1920–1958), Francis Crick (1916–2004), and James Watson (1928–) Herbert Boyer (1936–) and Stanley Cohen (1935–) Charles DeLisi (1941–), Pete Domenici (1932–), and Craig Venter (1946–) Angelina Jolie (1975–) Emmanuelle Charpentier (1968–) and Jennifer Doudna (1964–) 10 The Great Mortality Shift Edwin Chadwick (1800–1890) John Snow (1813–1858) Joseph Bazalgette (1818–1891) John Simon (1816–1876) Aneurin Bevan (1897–1960) Rachel Carson (1907–1964) Thomas McKeown (1912–1988) Hubert Laframboise (1924–1991) and Marc Lalonde (1929–) 11 Humanizing Health: The Social/Relational Person The Great Chain of Being Voltaire (1694–1778), Rousseau (1712–1778),Diderot (1713–1784), and Hume (1711–1776) The Enlightenment and Reform James Edward Oglethorpe (1696–1785) Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806–1873) Richard Wilkinson (1943–) Michael Marmot (1945–) Amartya Sen (1933–) Thomas Piketty (1971–) Finding a More Human Model of Health Bibliography Index