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Chapter-1: Introduction to Biofuels Tatsuji Koizumi Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caraclla, 00153 Rome, Italy Sujatha Raman Institute for Science & Society (ISS), School of Sociology & Social Policy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom Peidong Zhang College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China Pavel Ciaian European Commission (DG Joint Research Centre), Spain A. Zabaniotou Chemical Engineering Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, University Box 455, PO Box 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece   Chapter-2: Biofuels Economics and Policy Marta Santamaría CIEMAT – Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas Energy Systems Analysis Unit, Av. Complutense, 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain Gunter Festel Festel Capital, Mettlenstrasse 14, CH-6363 Fuerigen, Switzerland Hee Chul Woo Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, 365 Sinseon-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 608-739, Republic of Korea Razif Harun Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia Yi-Heng Percival Zhang Biological Systems Engineering Department, Virginia Tech, 304 Seitz Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA   Chapter-3: Biofuels production processes: an overview Bryan R. Moser United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N University St, Peoria, IL 61604, USA Jemaa Mabrouki United de recherche Materiaux,  Energie et Energies Renouvelables, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, University of Gafsa, Tunisia Pornpote Piumsomboon Fuels Research Center, Department of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand Simone Bastianoni Ecodynamics Group, Department of Earth, Environmental and Physical Sciences, University of Siena, Pian dei Mantellini 44, 53100, Siena, Italy Jadwiga R. Ziolkowska University of California at Berkeley, Department of Agricultural & Resource Economics, 207 Giannini Hall #3310, Berkeley, CA 94720-3310, USA Lin Li Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 842 W Taylor Street, ERF 2039, Chicago, IL 60607, United States         Richard D. Offeman Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA, 94710, United States   Chapter-4:  Existing production technologies of various biofuels; Advancement and limitations B. Z. Dholakiya Department of Applied Chemistry, S. V. National Institute of Technology, Ichchhanath, Surat 395007, Gujarat, India Guangyi Wang Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Algal Biofuel Technology Development and Application, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China Amy Sun Sandia National Laboratories, Chemical and Biological Systems, P.O. Box 5800 Albuquerque, NM 87185-0734, United States Jay D. Keasling Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States Paula-Bianca Marica University of Romania Snehal Ingale Department of Microbiology, Natubhai V. Patel College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Vallabh-Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India   Chapter-5: Nanotechnology and its energy applications Qayyum Husain Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India Zhengyu Jin The State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122,China X.L. Zhang INRS Eau, Terre et Environnement, 490, rue de la Couronne, Québec, Canada G1K 9A9 Tariq Mahmood Nano Science and Catalysis Division, National Centre for Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University Campus, Shahdhra Valley Road, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan Giorgia Pastorin NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering   Chapter-6: Nanotechnology in biohydrogen production Haijun Yang Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Laboratory of New Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing 100190, PR China Jianquan Shen Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Laboratory of New Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing 100190, PR China Yongfang Zhang School of Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China Dong Wei School of Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, PR China Laurent Beckers Centre Wallon de Biologie Industrielle (CWBI), Département des Sciences de la Vie, B40, 10 Université de Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium Weifeng Yao Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric Power, College of Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, P. R. China Rachnarin Nitisoravut School of Bio-Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12121, Thailand Velan Pugalenthi Department of Biotechnology, Bharathidasan Institute of Technology, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024 Tamil Nadu, India   Chapter-7: Nanotechnology for  cellulases Neha Srivastava Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, IIT (BHU)Varanasi, India Kamyar Khoshnevisan Department of Biotechnology Engineering, faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technologies, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Wilfred Chen Department of Chemical and Bio-molecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA Munish Puri Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology (CCB), Geelong Technology Precinct, Waurn Ponds, Deakin University Iseult Lynch School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland Elsa Cherian Department of Applied Science and Technology, Anna University, Chennai-600025, India WenjuanZhang Department of Machine Intelligence and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Systems Engineering, Akita Prefectural University, Akita015-0055,Japan   Chapter-8: Nanotechnology in algal fuel production You-Kwan Oh Biomass and Waste Energy Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Daejeon 305-343, Republic of Korea Mark Crocker Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, 2540 Research Park Drive, Lexington, KY 40511, USA Florence Mouchet Université de Toulouse, UPS, INP, EcoLab (Laboratoire d’écologie fonctionnelle et environnement), ENSAT, Avenue de l’Agrobiopôle, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France CNRS, EcoLab (Laboratoire d’écologie fonctionnelle et environnement), F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France Eija Schultz Finnish Environment Institute, Laboratory centre, P.O. Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland Sachin Mandotra CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute Lucknow, India   Chapter-9: Nanotechnology in bioethanol/biobutanol production Deepika Kushwaha and P.K. Mishra Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, IIT (BHU) Varanasi, India Syamsul Rizal Abd Shukor School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Seberang Prai Selatan, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia Mohadese Babaki Department of Pure Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Tehran, Iran C. Winarti Indonesian Center for Agricultural Post Harvest Research and Development, Bogor 16114, Indonesia Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Alameda Urquijo s/n 48013, Bilbao, Spain.   Chapter-10: Nanotechnology for biodiesel production C. Syed Aalam Department of Mechanical Engineering, Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu 608001, India Abbas Alli Taghipoor Bafghi Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dezful Branch, Islamic Azad University, Dezful Ali M.A. Attia Mechanical Engineering Department, Benha Faculty of Engineering, Benha University 13512 - Benha, Qalubia, Egypt Ahmed I. El-Seesy Mechanical Engineering Department, Benha Faculty of Engineering, Benha University 13512 - Benha, Qalubia, Egypt Hesham M. El-Batsh Mechanical Engineering Department, Benha Faculty of Engineering, Benha University 13512 - Benha, Qalubia, Egypt