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1 Introduction Key Concepts The Nature of Language symbol – icon - index Knowledge of Language Competence and Performance Variation: expand this to include more information about variables from chapter 6 7e Speakers and Their Groups Language and Culture Directions of Influence The Whorfian Hypothesis: recent discussion in linguistics: McWhorter book and reviews Correlations The interdisciplinary legacy of Sociolinguistics: brief synopsis of the intellectual traditions informing the study of language in society Identities (brief intro) Ideologies (brief intro: iconicity, recursiveness, erasure) Overview of the Book Chapter Summary Further Reading Exercises References Part I Languages, Communities, and Context 2 Languages, Dialects, and Varieties Key Concepts Language or Dialect? Mutual Intelligibility The Role of Social Identity Standardization The Standard as an Abstraction The Standardization Process The Standard and Language Change Standard English? The Standard-Dialect Hierarchy Regional Dialects Dialect Continua Dialect Geography Everyone Has an Accent Social Dialects Kiezdeutsch ‘Neighborhood German Ethnic Dialects African American Vernacular English Features of AAVE Development of AAVE Indexicality, Intertextuality, Enregisterment, Entextualization: instead of focusing on the static concepts of style and register, this section will be revised to include more recent work in sociolinguistics about how particular forms are used to create social meaning; use example of memes Chapter Summary Further Reading Exercises References 3 Defining Groups Key Concepts Speech Communities Linguistic Boundaries Shared Norms Communities of Practice Social Networks: expanded to include information from chapter 6, 7e Social Identities (tactics of subjectivity) Beliefs about Language and Social Groups Ideologies Language Attitudes: an introduction to this will be incorporated here, to be followed up in chapter 5 Perceptual Dialectology Chapter Summary Further Reading Exercises References 4 Language in Context: Pragmatics Key Concepts Speech Acts Performatives Locutions, Illocutionary Acts, and Perlocutions Implicature Maxims The Concept of Cooperation Politeness Face Positive and Negative Politeness Politeness World-Wide Politeness and Indirectness Pronouns Tu and Vous: Power and Solidarity Pronouns and Positioning Naming and Titles Fluidity and Change in Address Terms Chinese Comrades Chapter Summary Further Reading Exercises References Part II: Theory and Methods 5 Language Variation and Change Key concepts The Linguistic Variable Variants Types of Linguistic Variables Indicators, Markers and Stereotypes Data Collection and Analysis in Variation Research The Observer’s Paradox The Sociolinguistic Interview Sampling Apparent Time and Real Time Correlations: Dependent and Independent Variables Regional Variation Mapping Dialects Methods in Dialectology Dialect Mixture and Free Variation Second Dialect Acquisition Social Variation Age Gender Ethnicity Social Class Membership The First Wave of Variation Studies The fourth floor Early work on gender The Second Wave of Variation Studies Social networks Gender Jocks and burnout The Third Wave of Variation Studies Stance Language Variation and Change Some Changes in Progress The Northern Cities Shift Change Across Space: Urban Centers and Physical Barriers Change Over Time Or Age-Grading? Martha’s Vineyard Gender and Language Change Language Change and the Linguistic Marketplace Chapter Summary Further Reading Exercises References 6 Ethnographic Approaches to Sociolinguistics Key Concepts Ethnography of Communication Communicative Competence SPEAKING Ethnography and Beyond Ethnomethodology Background Knowledge as Part of Communication Commonsense Knowledge and Practical Reasoning Garfinkel and His Students: Studies in Ethnomethodology Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis Linguistic Ethnography Digital Ethnographies: Research in Online Communities The role of Ethnography in Variationist Research 7 Discourse Analysis Key Concepts Conversation Analysis Adjacency Pairs Openings Closings Turn-Taking Repair Institutional Talk Interactional Sociolinguistics Data and Methodologies Contextualization Stance Intercultural Communication Corpus Linguistics Databases Methods Findings Critical Discourse Analysis Contrasts and Critiques Methodologies and Connections Chapter Summary Further Reading Exercises References Part III: Multilingual Matters 8 Languages in Contact: Multilingual Societies and Multilingual Discourse Key Concepts Multilingualism as a Societal Phenomenon Competencies and Convergence in Multilingual Societies Language Ideologies Surrounding Multilingualism Linguistic Landscapes – expanded to reflect the wealth of research on this topic in the last few years Language Attitudes in Multilingual Settings Diglossia Domains The Statuses of the H and L Languages Extended Diglossia and Language Maintenance Questioning Diglossia Multilingual Discourse A brief history of concepts and models; from Metaphors to Markedness Multilingual Identities: Hybridity, Metrolingualism, Transnationalism and Appropriation Variationist Research on Language Contact Chapter Summary Further Reading Exercises References 9 Contact Languages: Structural Consequences of Social Factors Key Concepts Lingua Francas Pidgin and Creole Languages: Definitions Connections between P/C Languages and Second Language Acquisition Pidgin and Creole Formation Theories of Creole Genesis Geographical Distribution Linguistic Characteristics of P/C Languages Phonology Morphosyntax Vocabulary From Pidgin to Creole and Beyond Creole Continuum? Other Contact Varieties: Mixed Languages Chapter Summary Further Reading Exercises References 10 Language and Nation and Beyond Language and nation National languages (links to language policy) Language and national identities Learning to be a citizen: language and naturalization Colonialization and Post-Colonialism Language and Immigration (links to chapter 5) Language and integration Transnationalism Diversity and Superdiversity Chronotopes Globalization (links to section on English World Wide in chapter 13) Glocalization Language and the Digital World Part IV: Sociolinguistics and Social Justice 11 Language, Gender and Sexuality Key Concepts Defining Terms: Gender, Sex Category, and Sexuality Sexist Language Grammatical Gender Marking Language Change Discourses of Gender and Sexuality Some Common Discourses Deficit, Dominance, Difference and Identities Women’s Language Dominance Difference Gender and Sexuality Identities Chapter Summary Further Reading Exercises References 12 Sociolinguistics and Education Key Concepts Social Dialects and Education Restricted and Elaborated Codes Difference Not Deficit Role of the Home Dialect in Education African American Vernacular English and Education Applied Sociolinguistics Multilingual Education Ideologies Use of Minority Languages in the Classroom Elite and Immigrant Bilingualism Education and World Wide English Circles of English Elite Closure English in Europe Chapter Summary Further Reading Exercises References 13 Language Policy and Planning Key Concepts Terminology, Concepts, and Development of the Field Types of Language Planning The Intellectual History of LPP Data and Methods LPP and Nationalization LPP in Turkey: Orthography and Purity LPP in the Soviet Union and the Post-Soviet Era: From Russification to Nationalization Official Monolingualism in France Multilingual Policy in Belgium LPP in Post- and Neo-Colonial Contexts Kenya India LPP in the United States and Canada The United States of America Canada Multilingual Countries and LPP Papua New Guinea Singapore Endangered Languages and the Spread of English Endangered Languages English World-Wide Chapter Summary Further Reading Exercises References Glossary Index