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PART I The Field of Pediatrics 1 Overview Of Pediatrics 2 Child Health Disparities 3 Global Child Health 4 Quality And Value In Healthcare For Children 5 Safety In Healthcare For Children 6 Ethics In Pediatric Care 7 Pediatric Palliative Care 8 Domestic And International Adoption 9 Foster And Kinship Care 10 Medical Evaluation Of The Foreign-Born Child 11 Cultural Issues In Pediatric Care 12 Maximizing Children'S Health: Screening, Anticipatory Guidance, And Counseling 13 Injury Control 14 Impact Of Violence On Children 15 Child Trafficking For Sex And Labor 16 Abused And Neglected Children 17 Strategies For Health Behavior Change PART II Growth, Development, and Behavior 18 Developmental And Behavioral Theories 19 Positive Parenting And Support 20 Assessment Of Fetal Growth And Development 21 The Newborn 22 The First Year 23 The Second Year 24 The Preschool Years 25 Middle Childhood 26 Adolescence 27 Assessment Of Growth 28 Developmental And Behavioral Surveillance And Screening 29 Childcare 30 Loss, Separation, And Bereavement 31 Sleep Medicine PART III Behavioral and Psychiatric Disorders 32 Psychosocial Assessment And Interviewing 33 Psychopharmacology 34 Psychotherapy And Psychiatric Hospitalization 35 Somatic Symptom And Related Disorders 36 Rumination And Pica 37 Motor Disorders And Habits 38 Anxiety Disorders 39 Mood Disorders 40 Suicide And Attempted Suicide 41 Eating Disorders 42 Disruptive, Impulse-Control, And Conduct Disorders 43 Tantrums And Breath-Holding Spells 44 Lying, Stealing, And Truancy 45 Aggression 46 Self-Injurious Behavior 47 Childhood Psychoses PART IV Learning and Developmental Disorders 48 Neurodevelopmental And Executive Function And Dysfunction 49 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 50 Dyslexia 51 Math And Writing Disabilities 52 Language Development And Communication Disorders 53 Developmental Delay And Intellectual Disability 54 Autism Spectrum Disorder PART V Nutrition 55 Nutritional Requirements 56 Feeding Healthy Infants, Children, And Adolescents 57 Nutrition, Food Security, And Health 58 Refeeding Syndrome 59 Malnutrition 60 Overweight And Obesity 61 Vitamin A Deficiencies And Excess 62 Vitamin B Complex Deficiencies And Excess 63 Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Deficiency And Excess 64 Vitamin D Deficiency (Rickets) And Excess 65 Vitamin E Deficiency 66 Vitamin K Deficiency 67 Micronutrient Mineral Deficiencies PART VI Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders 68 Electrolyte And Acid-Base Disorders 69 Maintenance And Replacement Therapy 70 Deficit Therapy 71 Fluid And Electrolyte Treatment Of Specific Disorders PART VII Pediatric Drug Therapy 72 Pediatric Pharmacogenetics, Pharmacogenomics, And Pharmacoproteomics 73 Principles Of Drug Therapy 74 Anesthesia And Perioperative Care 75 Procedural Sedation 76 Pediatric Pain Management 77 Poisoning 78 Complementary Therapies And Integrative Medicine PART VIII Emergency Medicine and Critical Care 79 Emergency Medical Services For Children 80 Triage Of The Acutely Ill Child 81 Pediatric Emergencies And Resuscitation 82 Acute Care Of Multiple Trauma 83 Spinal Cord Injuries In Children 84 Care Of Abrasions And Minor Lacerations 85 Neurologic Emergencies And Stabilization 86 Brain Death 87 Syncope 88 Shock 89 Respiratory Distress And Failure 90 Altitude-Associated Illness In Children (Acute Mountain Sickness) 91 Drowning And Submersion Injury 92 Burn Injuries 93 Cold Injuries PART IX Human Genetics 94 Integration Of Genetics Into Pediatric Practice 95 The Genetic Approach In Pediatric Medicine 96 The Human Genome 97 Patterns Of Genetic Transmission 98 Cytogenetics 99 Genetics Of Common Disorders 100 Epigenome-Wide Association Studies And Disease 101 Genetic Approaches To Rare And Undiagnosed Diseases PART X Metabolic Disorders 102 An Approach To Inborn Errors Of Metabolism 103 Defects In Metabolism Of Amino Acids 104 Defects In Metabolism Of Lipids 105 Defects In Metabolism Of Carbohydrates 106 Mitochondrial Disease Diagnosis 107 Mucopolysaccharidoses 108 Disorders Of Purine And Pyrimidine Metabolism 109 Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (Progeria) 110 The Porphyrias 111 Hypoglycemia PART XI The Fetus and the Neonatal Infant 112 Overview Of Mortality And Morbidity 113 The Newborn Infant 114 High-Risk Pregnancies 115 The Fetus 116 Fetal Intervention And Surgery 117 The High-Risk Infant 118 Transport Of The Critically Ill Newborn 119 Clinical Manifestations Of Diseases In The Newborn Period 120 Nervous System Disorders 121 Neonatal Resuscitation And Delivery Room Emergencies 122 Respiratory Tract Disorders 123 Digestive System Disorders 124 Blood Disorders 125 The Umbilicus 126 Abstinence Syndromes 127 The Endocrine System 128 Dysmorphology 129 Epidemiology Of Infections 130 Healthcare-Acquired Infections 131 Congenital And Perinatal Infections PART XII Adolescent Medicine 132 Adolescent Physical And Social Development 133 Gender And Sexual Identity 134 Gay, Lesbian, And Bisexual Adolescents 135 Transgender Care 136 The Epidemiology Of Adolescent Health Problems 137 Delivery Of Health Care To Adolescents 138 Transitioning To Adult Care 139 Violent Behavior 140 Substance Abuse 141 The Breast 142 Menstrual Problems 143 Contraception 144 Adolescent Pregnancy 145 Adolescent Sexual Assault 146 Sexually Transmitted Infections 147 Chronic Overlapping Pain Conditions PART XIII Immunology Section 1 EVALUATION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 148 Evaluation Of Suspected Immunodeficiency Section 2 THE T-, B-, AND NK-CELL SYSTEMS 149 Lymphocyte Development And Function 150 Primary Defects Of Antibody Production 151 Primary Defects Of Cellular Immunity 152 Immunodeficiencies Affecting Multiple Cell Types Section 3 THE PHAGOCYTIC SYSTEM 153 Neutrophils 154 Monocytes, Macrophages, And Dendritic Cells 155 Eosinophils 156 Disorders Of Phagocyte Function 157 Leukopenia 158 Leukocytosis Section 4 THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM 159 Complement Components And Pathways 160 Disorders Of The Complement System Section 5 HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION 161 Principles And Clinical Indications Of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation 162 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation From Alternative Sources And Donors 163 Graft-Versus-Host Disease, Rejection, And Venoocclusive Disease 164 Infectious Complications Of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation 165 Late Effects Of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation PART XIV Allergic Disorders 166 Allergy And The Immunologic Basis Of Atopic Disease 167 Diagnosis Of Allergic Disease 168 Allergic Rhinitis 169 Childhood Asthma 170 Atopic Dermatitis (Atopic Eczema) 171 Insect Allergy 172 Ocular Allergies 173 Urticaria (Hives) And Angioedema 174 Anaphylaxis 175 Serum Sickness 176 Food Allergy And Adverse Reactions To Foods 177 Adverse Reactions To Drugs PART XV Rheumatic Diseases of Childhood (Connective Tissue Disease, Collagen Vascular Diseases) 178 Evaluation Of Suspected Rheumatic Disease 179 Treatment Of Rheumatic Diseases 180 Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis 181 Ankylosing Spondylitis And Other Spondyloarthritides 182 Reactive And Postinfectious Arthritis 183 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 184 Juvenile Dermatomyositis 185 Scleroderma And Raynaud Phenomenon 186 Beh　et Disease 187 Sj　gren Syndrome 188 Hereditary Periodic Fever Syndromes And Other Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases 189 Amyloidosis 190 Sarcoidosis 191 Kawasaki Disease 192 Vasculitis Syndromes 193 Musculoskeletal Pain Syndromes 194 Miscellaneous Conditions Associated With Arthritis PART XVI Infectious Diseases Section 1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 195 Diagnostic Microbiology 196 The Microbiome And Pediatric Health Section 2 PREVENTIVE MEASURES 197 Immunization Practices 198 Infection Prevention And Control 199 Childcare And Communicable Diseases 200 Health Advice For Children Traveling Internationally 201 Fever 202 Fever Without A Focus In The Neonate And Young Infant 203 Fever In The Older Child 204 Fever Of Unknown Origin 205 Infections In Immunocompromised Persons 206 Infection Associated With Medical Devices Section 3 ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY 207 Principles Of Antibacterial Therapy Section 4 GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIAL Section 4 GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS 208 Staphylococcus 209 Streptococcus Pneumoniae (Pneumococcus) 210 Group A Streptococcus 211 Group B Streptococcus 212 Non-Group A Or B Streptococci 213 Enterococcus 214 Diphtheria (Corynebacterium Diphtheriae) 215 Listeria Monocytogenes 216 Actinomyces 217 Nocardia Section 5 GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL Section 5 GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS 218 Neisseria Meningitidis (Meningococcus) 219 Neisseria Gonorrhoeae (Gonococcus) 220 Kingella Kingae 221 Haemophilus Influenzae 222 Chancroid (Haemophilus Ducreyi) 223 Moraxella Catarrhalis 224 Pertussis (Bordetella Pertussis And Bordetella Parapertussis) 225 Salmonella 226 Shigella 227 Escherichia Coli 228 Cholera 229 Campylobacter 230 Yersinia 231 Aeromonas And Plesiomonas 232 Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, And Stenotrophomonas 233 Tularemia (Francisella Tularensis) 234 Brucella 235 Legionella 236 Bartonella Section 6 ANAEROBIC BACTERIAL Section 6 ANAEROBIC BACTERIAL INFECTIONS 237 Botulism (Clostridium Botulinum) 238 Tetanus (Clostridium Tetani) 239 Clostridium Difficile Infection 240 Other Anaerobic Infections Section 7 MYCOBACTERIAL INFECTIONS 241 Principles Of Antimycobacterial Therapy 242 Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium Tuberculosis) 243 Hansen Disease (Mycobacterium Leprae) 244 Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Section 8 SPIROCHETAL INFECTIONS 245 Syphilis (Treponema Pallidum) 246 Nonvenereal Treponemal Infections 247 Leptospira 248 Relapsing Fever (Borrelia) 249 Lyme Disease (Borrelia Burgdorferi) Section 9 MYCOPLASMAL INFECTIONS 250 Mycoplasma Pneumoniae 251 Genital Mycoplasmas (Mycoplasma Hominis, Mycoplasma Genitalium, And Ureaplasma Urealyticum) Section 10 CHLAMYDIAL INFECTIONS 252 Chlamydia Pneumoniae 253 Chlamydia Trachomatis 254 Psittacosis (Chlamydia Psittaci) Section 11 RICKETTSIAL INFECTIONS 255 Spotted Fever Group Rickettsioses 256 Scrub Typhus (Orientia Tsutsugamushi) 257 Typhus Group Rickettsioses 258 Ehrlichiosis And Anaplasmosis 259 Q Fever (Coxiella Burnetii) Section 12 FUNGAL INFECTIONS 260 Principles Of Antifungal Therapy 261 Candida 262 Cryptococcus Neoformans And Cryptococcus Gattii 263 Malassezia 264 Aspergillus 265 Histoplasmosis (Histoplasma Capsulatum) 266 Blastomycosis (Blastomyces Dermatitidis And Blastomyces Gilchristii) 267 Coccidioidomycosis (Coccidioides Species) 268 Paracoccidioides Brasiliensis 269 Sporotrichosis (Sporothrix Schenckii) 270 Mucormycosis 271 Pneumocystis Jirovecii Section 13 VIRAL INFECTIONS 272 Principles Of Antiviral Therapy 273 Measles 274 Rubella 275 Mumps 276 Polioviruses 277 Nonpolio Enteroviruses 278 Parvoviruses 279 Herpes Simplex Virus 280 Varicella-Zoster Virus 281 Epstein-Barr Virus 282 Cytomegalovirus 283 Roseola (Human Herpesviruses 6 And 7) 284 Human Herpesvirus 8 285 Influenza Viruses 286 Parainfluenza Viruses 287 Respiratory Syncytial Virus 288 Human Metapneumovirus 289 Adenoviruses 290 Rhinoviruses 291 Coronaviruses 292 Rotaviruses, Caliciviruses, And Astroviruses 293 Human Papillomaviruses 294 Arboviral Infections 295 Dengue Fever, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever, And Severe Dengue 296 Yellow Fever 297 Ebola And Other Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers 298 Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus 299 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome 300 Rabies 301 Polyomaviruses 302 Human Immunodeficiency Virus And Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome 303 Human T-Lymphotropic Viruses (1 And 2) 304 Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Section 14 ANTIPARASITIC THERAPY 305 Principles Of Antiparasitic Therapy Section 15 PROTOZOAN DISEASES 306 Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis 307 Amebiasis 308 Giardiasis And Balantidiasis 309 Cryptosporidium, Cystoisospora, Cyclospora, And Microsporidia 310 Trichomoniasis (Trichomonas Vaginalis) 311 Leishmaniasis (Leishmania) 312 African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness; Trypanosoma Brucei Complex) 313 American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease; Trypanosoma Cruzi) 314 Malaria (Plasmodium) 315 Babesiosis (Babesia) 316 Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma Gondii) Section 16 HELMINTHIC DISEASES 317 Ascariasis (Ascaris Lumbricoides) 319 Trichuriasis (Trichuris Trichiura) 320 Enterobiasis (Enterobius Vermicularis) 321 Strongyloidiasis (Strongyloides Stercoralis) 322 Lymphatic Filariasis (Brugia Malayi, Brugia Timori, And Wuchereria Bancrofti) 323 Other Tissue Nematodes 324 Toxocariasis (Visceral And Ocular Larva Migrans) 325 Trichinellosis (Trichinella Spiralis) 326 Schistosomiasis (Schistosoma) 327 Flukes (Liver, Lung, And Intestinal) 328 Adult Tapeworm Infections 329 Cysticercosis 330 Echinococcosis (Echinococcus Granulosus And Echinococcus Multilocularis) 1897 Volume PART XVII The Digestive System Section 1 CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE 331 Normal Digestive Tract Phenomena 332 Major Symptoms And Signs Of Digestive Tract Disorders Section 2 THE ORAL CAVITY 333 Development And Developmental Anomalies Of The Teeth 334 Disorders Of The Oral Cavity Associated With Other Conditions 335 Malocclusion 336 Cleft Lip And Palate 337 Syndromes With Oral Manifestations 338 Dental Caries 339 Periodontal Diseases 340 Dental Trauma 341 Common Lesions Of The Oral Soft Tissues 342 Diseases Of The Salivary Glands And Jaws 343 Diagnostic Radiology In Dental Assessment Section 3 THE ESOPHAGUS 344 Embryology, Anatomy, And Function Of The Esophagus 345 Congenital Anomalies 346 Obstructing And Motility Disorders Of The Esophagus 347 Dysmotility 348 Hiatal Hernia 349 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease 350 Eosinophilic Esophagitis, Pill Esophagitis, And Infective Esophagitis 351 Esophageal Perforation 352 Esophageal Varices 353 Ingestions Section 4 STOMACH AND INTESTINES 354 Normal Development, Structure, And Function Of The Stomach And Intestines 355 Pyloric Stenosis And Other Congenital Anomalies Of The Stomach 356 Intestinal Atresia, Stenosis, And Malrotation 357 Intestinal Duplications, Meckel Diverticulum, And Other Remnants Of The Omphalomesenteric Duct 358 Motility Disorders And Hirschsprung Disease 359 Ileus, Adhesions, Intussusception, And Closed-Loop Obstructions 360 Foreign Bodies And Bezoars 361 Peptic Ulcer Disease In Children 362 Inflammatory Bowel Disease 363 Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis 364 Disorders Of Malabsorption 365 Intestinal Transplantation In Children With Intestinal Failure 366 Acute Gastroenteritis In Children 367 Chronic Diarrhea 368 Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders 369 Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome 370 Acute Appendicitis 371 Surgical Conditions Of The Anus And Rectum 372 Tumors Of The Digestive Tract 373 Inguinal Hernias Section 5 EXOCRINE PANCREAS 374 Embryology, Anatomy, And Physiology Of The Pancreas 375 Pancreatic Function Tests 376 Disorders Of The Exocrine Pancreas 377 Treatment Of Pancreatic Insufficiency 378 Pancreatitis 379 Pancreatic Fluid Collections 380 Pancreatic Tumors Section 6 THE LIVER AND BILIARY SYSTEM 381 Morphogenesis Of The Liver And Biliary System 382 Manifestations Of Liver Disease 383 Cholestasis 384 Metabolic Diseases Of The Liver 385 Viral Hepatitis 386 Liver Abscess 387 Liver Disease Associated With Systemic Disorders 388 Mitochondrial Hepatopathies 389 Autoimmune Hepatitis 390 Drug- And Toxin-Induced Liver Injury 391 Acute Hepatic Failure 392 Cystic Diseases Of The Biliary Tract And Liver 393 Diseases Of The Gallbladder 394 Portal Hypertension And Varices 395 Liver Transplantation Section 7 PERITONEUM 396 Peritoneal Malformations 397 Ascites 398 Peritonitis 399 Epigastric Hernia PART XVIII The Respiratory System Section 1 DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTION 400 Diagnostic Approach To Respiratory Disease 401 Chronic Or Recurrent Respiratory Symptoms 402 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome 403 Brief Resolved Unexplained Events And Other Acute Events In Infants Section 2 DISORDERS OF THE RESPIRATORY Section 2 DISORDERS OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT 404 Congenital Disorders Of The Nose 405 Acquired Disorders Of The Nose 406 Nasal Polyps 407 The Common Cold 408 Sinusitis 409 Acute Pharyngitis 410 Retropharyngeal Abscess, Lateral Pharyngeal (Parapharyngeal) Abscess, And Peritonsillar Cellulitis/Abscess 411 Tonsils And Adenoids 412 Acute Inflammatory Upper Airway Obstruction (Croup, Epiglottitis, Laryngitis, And Bacterial Tracheitis) 413 Congenital Anomalies Of The Larynx, Trachea, And Bronchi 414 Foreign Bodies In The Airway 415 Laryngotracheal Stenosis And Subglottic Stenosis 416 Bronchomalacia And Tracheomalacia 417 Neoplasms Of The Larynx, Trachea, And Bronchi 418 Wheezing, Bronchiolitis, And Bronchitis 419 Plastic Bronchitis 420 Emphysema And Overinflation 421 ?1-Antitrypsin Deficiency And Emphysema 422 Other Distal Airway Diseases 423 Congenital Disorders Of The Lung 424 Pulmonary Edema 425 Aspiration Syndromes 426 Chronic Recurrent Aspiration 427 Immune And Inflammatory Lung Disease 428 Community-Acquired Pneumonia 429 Pleurisy, Pleural Effusions, And Empyema 430 Bronchiectasis 431 Pulmonary Abscess 432 Cystic Fibrosis 433 Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (Immotile Cilia Syndrome, Kartagener Syndrome) 434 Diffuse Lung Diseases In Childhood 435 Pulmonary Hemosiderosis 436 Pulmonary Embolism, Infarction, And Hemorrhage 437 Atelectasis 438 Pulmonary Tumors 439 Pneumothorax 440 Pneumomediastinum 441 Hydrothorax 442 Hemothorax 443 Chylothorax 444 Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia 445 Skeletal Diseases Influencing Pulmonary Function 446 Chronic Respiratory Insufficiency PART XIX The Cardiovascular System Section 1 DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 447 Cardiac Development 448 The Fetal To Neonatal Circulatory Transition Section 2 EVALUATION OF THE Section 2 EVALUATION OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM AND THE CHILD 449 History And Physical Examination In Cardiac Evaluation 450 Laboratory Cardiac Evaluation Section 3 CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE 451 Epidemiology And Genetic Basis Of Congenital Heart Disease 452 Evaluation And Screening Of The Infant Or Child With Congenital Heart Disease 453 Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: Left-To-Right Shunt Lesions 454 Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: Obstructive Lesions 455 Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: Regurgitant Lesions 456 Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: Evaluation Of The Critically Ill Neonate With Cyanosis And Respiratory Distress 457 Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: Lesions Associated With Decreased Pulmonary Blood Flow 458 Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: Lesions Associated With Increased Pulmonary Blood Flow 459 Other Congenital Heart And Vascular Malformations 460 Pulmonary Hypertension 461 General Principles Of Treatment Of Congenital Heart Disease Section 4 CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS 462 Disturbances Of Rate And Rhythm Of The Heart 463 Sudden Death Section 5 ACQUIRED HEART DISEASE 464 Infective Endocarditis 465 Rheumatic Heart Disease Section 6 DISEASES OF THE MYOCARDIUM Section 6 DISEASES OF THE MYOCARDIUM AND PERICARDIUM 466 Diseases Of The Myocardium 467 Diseases Of The Pericardium 468 Tumors Of The Heart Section 7 CARDIAC THERAPEUTICS 469 Heart Failure 470 Pediatric Heart And Heart-Lung Transplantation Section 8 DISEASES OF THE PERIPHERAL Section 8 DISEASES OF THE PERIPHERAL VASCULAR SYSTEM 471 Diseases Of The Blood Vessels (Aneurysms And Fistulas) 472 Systemic Hypertension PART XX Diseases of the Blood Section 1 THE HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM 473 Development Of The Hematopoietic System 474 The Anemias Section 2 ANEMIAS OF INADEQUATE PRODUCTION 475 Congenital Hypoplastic Anemia (Diamond-Blackfan Anemia) 476 Pearson Syndrome 477 Acquired Pure Red Blood Cell Anemia 478 Anemia Of Chronic Disease And Renal Disease 479 Congenital Dyserythropoietic Anemias 480 Physiologic Anemia Of Infancy 481 Megaloblastic Anemias 482 Iron-Deficiency Anemia 483 Other Microcytic Anemias Section 3 HEMOLYTIC ANEMIAS 484 Definitions And Classification Of Hemolytic Anemias 485 Hereditary Spherocytosis 486 Hereditary Elliptocytosis, Hereditary Pyropoikilocytosis, And Related Disorders 487 Hereditary Stomatocytosis 488 Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria And Acanthocytosis 489 Hemoglobinopathies 490 Enzymatic Defects 491 Hemolytic Anemias Resulting From Extracellular Factors-Immune Hemolytic Anemias 492 Hemolytic Anemias Secondary To Other Extracellular Factors Section 4 POLYCYTHEMIA (ERYTHROCYTOSIS) 493 Polycythemia 494 Nonclonal Polycythemia Section 5 THE PANCYTOPENIAS 495 Inherited Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes With Pancytopenia 496 The Acquired Pancytopenias Section 6 BLOOD COMPONENT TRANSFUSIONS 497 Red Blood Cell Transfusions And Erythropoietin Therapy 498 Platelet Transfusions 499 Neutrophil (Granulocyte) Transfusions 500 Plasma Transfusions 501 Risks Of Blood Transfusions Section 7 HEMORRHAGIC AND THROMBOTIC DISEASES 502 Hemostasis 503 Hereditary Clotting Factor Deficiencies (Bleeding Disorders) 504 Von Willebrand Disease 505 Hereditary Predisposition To Thrombosis 506 Thrombotic Disorders In Children 507 Postneonatal Vitamin K Deficiency 508 Liver Disease 509 Acquired Inhibitors Of Coagulation 510 Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation 511 Platelet And Blood Vessel Disorders Section 8 THE SPLEEN 512 Anatomy And Function Of The Spleen 513 Splenomegaly 514 Hyposplenism, Splenic Trauma, And Splenectomy Section 9 THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM 515 Anatomy And Function Of The Lymphatic System 516 Abnormalities Of Lymphatic Vessels 517 Lymphadenopathy PART XXI Cancer and Benign Tumors 518 Epidemiology Of Childhood And Adolescent Cancer 519 Molecular And Cellular Biology Of Cancer 520 Principles Of Cancer Diagnosis 521 Principles Of Cancer Treatment 522 The Leukemias 523 Lymphoma 524 Brain Tumors In Childhood 525 Neuroblastoma 526 Neoplasms Of The Kidney 527 Soft Tissue Sarcomas 528 Neoplasms Of Bone 529 Retinoblastoma 530 Gonadal And Germ Cell Neoplasms 531 Neoplasms Of The Liver 532 Benign Vascular Tumors 533 Rare Tumors 534 Histiocytosis Syndromes Of Childhood PART XXII Nephrology Section 1 GLOMERULAR DISEASE 535 Introduction To Glomerular Diseases Section 2 CONDITIONS PARTICULARLY Section 2 CONDITIONS PARTICULARLY ASSOCIATED WITH HEMATURIA 536 Clinical Evaluation Of The Child With Hematuria 537 Isolated Glomerular Diseases Associated With Recurrent Gross Hematuria 538 Multisystem Disease Associated With Hematuria 539 Tubulointerstitial Disease Associated With Hematuria 540 Vascular Diseases Associated With Hematuria 541 Anatomic Abnormalities Associated With Hematuria 542 Lower Urinary Tract Causes Of Hematuria Section 3 CONDITIONS PARTICULARLY Section 3 CONDITIONS PARTICULARLY ASSOCIATED WITH PROTEINURIA 543 Clinical Evaluation Of The Child With Proteinuria 544 Conditions Associated With Proteinuria 545 Nephrotic Syndrome Section 4 TUBULAR DISORDERS 546 Tubular Function 547 Renal Tubular Acidosis 548 Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus 549 Inherited Tubular Transport Abnormalities 550 Renal Failure 551 Renal Transplantation PART XXIII Urologic Disorders in Infants and Children 552 Congenital Anomalies And Dysgenesis Of The Kidneys 553 Urinary Tract Infections 554 Vesicoureteral Reflux 555 Obstruction Of The Urinary Tract 556 Anomalies Of The Bladder 557 Neuropathic Bladder 558 Enuresis And Voiding Dysfunction 559 Anomalies Of The Penis And Urethra 560 Disorders And Anomalies Of The Scrotal Contents 561 Trauma To The Genitourinary Tract 562 Urinary Lithiasis PART XXIV Gynecologic Problems of Childhood 563 Gynecologic History And Physical Examination 564 Vulvovaginitis 565 Vaginal Bleeding In The Prepubertal Child 566 Breast Concerns 567 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome And Hirsutism 568 Gynecologic Neoplasms And Adolescent Prevention Methods For Human Papillomavirus 569 Vulvovaginal And M　llerian Anomalies 570 Gynecologic Care For Girls With Special Needs 571 Female Genital Mutilation PART XXV The Endocrine System Section 1 DISORDERS OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND PITUITARY GLAND 572 Hormones Of The Hypothalamus And Pituitary 573 Hypopituitarism 574 Diabetes Insipidus 575 Other Abnormalities Of Arginine Vasopressin Metabolism And Action 576 Hyperpituitarism, Tall Stature, And Overgrowth Syndromes 577 Physiology Of Puberty 578 Disorders Of Pubertal Development Section 2 DISORDERS OF THE THYROID GLAND 579 Thyroid Development And Physiology 580 Disorders Of Thyroxine-Binding Globulin 581 Hypothyroidism 582 Thyroiditis 583 Goiter 584 Thyrotoxicosis 585 Carcinoma Of The Thyroid 586 Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndromes 587 Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes Section 3 DISORDERS OF THE PARATHYROID GLAND 588 Hormones And Peptides Of Calcium Homeostasis And Bone Metabolism 589 Hypoparathyroidism 590 Pseudohypoparathyroidism 591 Hyperparathyroidism Section 4 DISORDERS OF THE ADRENAL Section 4 DISORDERS OF THE ADRENAL GLAND 592 Physiology Of The Adrenal Gland 593 Adrenocortical Insufficiency 594 Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia And Related Disorders 595 Adrenocortical Tumors And Masses 596 Virilizing And Feminizing Adrenal Tumors 597 Cushing Syndrome 598 Primary Aldosteronism 599 Pheochromocytoma Section 5 DISORDERS OF THE GONADS 600 Development And Function Of The Gonads 601 Hypofunction Of The Testes 602 Pseudoprecocity Resulting From Tumors Of The Testes 603 Gynecomastia 604 Hypofunction Of The Ovaries 605 Pseudoprecocity Resulting From Lesions Of The Ovary 606 Disorders Of Sex Development Section 6 DIABETES MELLITUS IN CHILDREN 607 Diabetes Mellitus PART XXVI The Nervous System 608 Neurologic Evaluation 609 Congenital Anomalies Of The Central Nervous System 610 Deformational Plagiocephaly 611 Seizures In Childhood 612 Conditions That Mimic Seizures 613 Headaches 614 Neurocutaneous Syndromes 615 Movement Disorders 616 Encephalopathies 617 Neurodegenerative Disorders Of Childhood 618 Demyelinating Disorders Of The Central Nervous System 619 Pediatric Stroke 620 Central Nervous System Vasculitis 621 Central Nervous System Infections 622 Brain Abscess 623 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (Pseudotumor Cerebri) 624 Spinal Cord Disorders PART XXVII Neuromuscular Disorders 625 Evaluation And Investigation Of Neuromuscular Disorders 626 Developmental Disorders Of Muscle 627 Muscular Dystrophies 628 Endocrine And Toxic Myopathies 629 Metabolic Myopathies And Channelopathies 630 Disorders Of Neuromuscular Transmission And Of Motor Neurons 631 Hereditary Motor-Sensory Neuropathies 632 Toxic Neuropathies 633 Autonomic Neuropathies 634 Guillain-Barr　 Syndrome 635 Bell Palsy PART XXVIII Disorders of the Eye 636 Growth And Development Of The Eye 637 Examination Of The Eye 638 Abnormalities Of Refraction And Accommodation 639 Disorders Of Vision 640 Abnormalities Of Pupil And Iris 641 Disorders Of Eye Movement And Alignment 642 Abnormalities Of The Lids 643 Disorders Of The Lacrimal System 644 Disorders Of The Conjunctiva 645 Abnormalities Of The Cornea 646 Abnormalities Of The Lens 647 Disorders Of The Uveal Tract 648 Disorders Of The Retina And Vitreous 649 Abnormalities Of The Optic Nerve 650 Childhood Glaucoma 651 Orbital Abnormalities 652 Orbital Infections 653 Injuries To The Eye PART XXIX The Ear 654 General Considerations And Evaluation Of The Ear 655 Hearing Loss 656 Congenital Malformations Of The Ear 657 External Otitis (Otitis Externa) 658 Otitis Media 659 Acute Mastoiditis 660 The Inner Ear And Diseases Of The Bony Labyrinth 661 Traumatic Injuries Of The Ear And Temporal Bone 662 Tumors Of The Ear And Temporal Bone PART XXX The Skin 663 Morphology Of The Skin 664 Dermatologic Evaluation Of The Patient 665 Principles Of Dermatologic Therapy 666 Dermatologic Diseases Of The Neonate 667 Cutaneous Defects 668 Ectodermal Dysplasias 669 Vascular Disorders 670 Cutaneous Nevi 671 Hyperpigmented Lesions 672 Hypopigmented Lesions 673 Vesiculobullous Disorders 674 Eczematous Disorders 675 Photosensitivity 676 Diseases Of The Epidermis 677 Disorders Of Keratinization 678 Diseases Of The Dermis 679 Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome 680 Diseases Of Subcutaneous Tissue 681 Disorders Of The Sweat Glands 682 Disorders Of Hair 683 Disorders Of The Nails 684 Disorders Of The Mucous Membranes 685 Cutaneous Bacterial Infections 686 Cutaneous Fungal Infections 687 Cutaneous Viral Infections 688 Arthropod Bites And Infestations 689 Acne 690 Tumors Of The Skin 691 Nutritional Dermatoses PART XXXI Bone and Joint Disorders Section 1 ORTHOPEDIC PROBLEMS 692 Growth And Development 693 Orthopedic Evaluation Of The Child 694 The Foot And Toes 695 Torsional And Angular Deformities Of The Limb 696 Leg-Length Discrepancy 697 The Knee 698 The Hip 699 The Spine 700 The Neck 701 The Upper Limb 702 Arthrogryposis 703 Common Fractures 704 Osteomyelitis 705 Septic Arthritis Section 2 SPORTS MEDICINE 706 Epidemiology And Prevention Of Injuries 707 Management Of Musculoskeletal Injury Stress Fractures, and Chronic Compartment 708 Sports-Related Traumatic Brain Injury (Concussion) 709 Cervical Spine Injuries 710 Heat Injuries 711 Female Athletes: Menstrual Problems And The Risk Of Osteopenia 712 Performance-Enhancing Aids 713 Specific Sports And Associated Injuries Section 3 THE SKELETAL DYSPLASIAS 714 General Considerations In Skeletal Dysplasias 715 Disorders Involving Cartilage Matrix Proteins 716 Disorders Involving Transmembrane Receptors 717 Disorders Involving Ion Transporters 718 Disorders Involving Transcription Factors 719 Disorders Involving Defective Bone Resorption 720 Other Inherited Disorders Of Skeletal Development 721 Osteogenesis Imperfecta 722 Marfan Syndrome Section 4 METABOLIC BONE DISEASE 723 Bone Structure, Growth, And Hormonal Regulation 724 Hypophosphatasia 725 Hyperphosphatasia 726 Osteoporosis PART XXXII Rehabilitation Medicine 727 Evaluation Of The Child For Rehabilitative Services 728 Rehabilitation For Severe Traumatic Brain Injury 729 Spinal Cord Injury And Autonomic Dysreflexia Management 730 Spasticity 731 Birth Brachial Plexus Palsy 732 Meningomyelocele (Spina Bifida) 733 Ambulation Assistance 734 Health And Wellness For Children With Disabilities PART XXXIII Environmental Health 735 Overview Of Environmental Health And Children 736 Biologic Effects Of Ionizing Radiation On Children 737 Chemical Pollutants 738 Heavy Metal Intoxication 739 Lead Poisoning 740 Nonbacterial Food Poisoning 741 Biologic And Chemical Terrorism 742 Mass Psychogenic Illness 743 Animal And Human Bites 744 Rat Bite Fever 745 Monkeypox 746 Envenomations PART XXXIV 747 Laboratory Testing In Infants And Children 748 Reference Intervals For Laboratory Tests And Procedures