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VOLUME 1 SECTION 1 History 1 History of Spine Surgery 2 History of Spine Biomechanics 3 History of Spinal Instrumentation: The Modern Era SECTION 2 The Fundamentals 4 Evaluation of Spinal Alignment 5 Functional Anatomy of the Spine 6 Muscular Support of the Spine 7 Practical Anatomy and Fundamental Biomechanics 8 Applied Anatomy of the Cervical Spine 9 Applied Anatomy of the Thoracic and Lumbar Spine 10 Applied Anatomy of the Sacral Spine 11 Intervertebral Disc: Anatomy, Physiology, and Aging 12 Physical and Neurologic Examination 13 Differential Diagnosis of Surgical Disorders of the Spine 14 Anatomy and Physiology of Congenital Spinal Lesions 15 Anatomy and Pathophysiology of Acquired and Systemic Spinal Disorders 16 Intervertebral Disc Process of Degeneration: Physiology and Pathophysiology 17 Intradiscal Pressure 18 Defi nition and Assessment of Dysfunctional Segmental Motion 19 Neural Injury at the Molecular Level 20 Pathophysiology of Cervical Myelopathy: Biomechanics and Deformative Stress 21 Pathophysiology of Thoracic Myelopathy: Biomechanics and Deformative Stress 22 Anatomy of Nerve Root Compression, Nerve Root Tethering, and Spinal Instability 23 Fundamentals of Spine Surgery 24 Preoperative and Surgical Planning for Avoiding Complications 25 Patient Selection for Spine Surgery 26 Masqueraders of Spinal Pathology 27 Bone Modeling and Remodeling 28 Spine Fusion: Anatomy and Biomechanics of Bone-Bone Interface 29 Biology of Spine Fusion 30 Osteointegration (Osseointegration) 31 Bone Void Fillers: Bone and Bone Substitutes 32 Biologics in Spine Fusion Surgery 33 Materials and Material Properties 34 Biomechanical Testing 35 Computational Modeling of the Spine 36 Electrodiagnostic Studies 37 Intraoperative Monitoring in Routine and Complex Surgery 38 Big Data in Health Care 39 Spine Registries PART 2.1 Spinal Instrumentation 40 Basic Biomechanically Relevant Anatomy 41 Spinal Implant Attributes: Distraction, Compression, and Three-Point Bending 42 Implant Attributes: Cantilever Beam Fixation 43 Iatrogenic Spine Destabilization 44 Adjacent Segment Degeneration and Disease of the Cervical and Lumbar Spine SECTION 3 Exposure of the Spinal Column 45 Occipitocervical Spine 46 Cervical Spine and Cervicothoracic Junction 47 Extraspinal Anatomy and Surgical Approaches to the Thoracic Spine 48 Lumbar and Sacral Spine 49 Lateral Extracavitary Approach 50 Retropleural Approach to the Ventral Thoracic and Thoracolumbar Spine SECTION 4 Surgical Procedures PART 4.1-Decompression and Arthrodesis of the Cervical Spine 51 Upper Cervical and Craniocervical Decompression 52 Endoscopic and Transnasal Approaches to the Craniocervical Junction 53 Upper Cervical and Occipitocervical Arthrodesis 54 High Cervical and Occipitocervical Plate, Rod, Wire, and Bone Techniques 55 Upper Cervical Screw Fixation Techniques 56 Ventral and Ventrolateral Subaxial Decompression 57 Cervical Spine Construct Design 58 Indications for Spine Fusion for Axial Pain 59 Single- and Multiple-Level Interbody Fusion Techniques 60 Cervical Interbody Strut Techniques 61 Cervical Skip Corpectomy 62 Anterior Subaxial Cervical Fixation Techniques 63 Cervical Spine Fusion Using Dynamic Ventral Cervical Plating 64 Subsidence and Dynamic Cervical Spine Stabilization 65 Cervical Laminectomy and Laminoforaminotomy 66 Cervical Laminoplasty 67 Traditional Interspinous, Laminar, and Facet Fusion 68 Dorsal Subaxial Cervical Instrumentation Techniques 69 Combined Ventral-Dorsal Surgery 70 Percutaneous and Minimally Invasive Approaches to Decompression and Arthrodesis of the Cervical Spine 71 Cervical Discectomy 72 Management of Soft Cervical Disc Herniation: Controversies and Complication Avoidance PART 4.2-Decompression and Ventrolateral Thoracic and Thoracolumbar Spine 73 MIS Lateral Thoracic and Lumbar Decompression 74 Anterior and Anterolateral Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Decompression and Fusion 75 Thoracoscopic Corpectomy and Reconstruction 76 Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion 77 MIS Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion 78 Laminotomy, Laminectomy, Laminoplasty, and Foraminotomy 79 Posterolateral Thoracolumbar Fusion 80 Posterior and Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion 81 Lumbar Interbody Cages 82 Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Construct Design 83 Dorsal Thoracic and Lumbar Simple Hook-Rod, Wire, and Wire-Rod Techniques 84 Dorsal Thoracic and Lumbar Screw Fixation and Pedicle Fixation Techniques 85 Posterior Thoracic and Lumbar Universal Spinal Instrumentation 86 Dorsal Thoracic and Lumbar Combined and Complex Techniques 87 Lumbar Facet Fixation Techniques 88 Paracoccygeal Transsacral Approach to the Lumbosacral Junction for Interbody Fusion 89 Complex Lumbosacropelvic Fixation Techniques 90 Percutaneous and Minimally Invasive Approaches to Decompression and Arthrodesis of the Thoracolumbar Spine 91 Minimal Access and Percutaneous Lumbar Discectomy 92 Thoracic Discectomy 93 Lumbar Discectomy 94 Recurrent Lumbar Disc Herniation 95 Cauda Equina Syndrome Part 4.3-Arthritides and Related Disorders 96 Cervical Spondylosis 97 Thoracic and Lumbar Spondylosis 98 Rheumatoid Arthritis 99 Ankylosing Spondylitis and Related Disorders 100 Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis 101 Ossifi cation of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament 102 Scheuermann Disease 103 Metabolic Bone Disease 104 The Black Disc: Diagnosis and Treatment of Discogenic Back Pain 105 Psychosocial Aspects and Work-Related Issues Regarding Lumbar Degenerative Disc Disease 106 Medical Management of Neck and Low Back Pain 107 Interventional Nonoperative Management of Neck and Back Pain VOLUME 2 PART 4.4-Tumors, Vascular Malformations, and Related Lesions 108 Cellular Injection Techniques for Discogenic Pain 109 Primary and Metastatic Bone Lesions 110 Intradural Extramedullary Spine Tumors 111 Intramedullary Spinal Cord Lesions 112 Brachial Plexus Tumors Extending into the Cervicothoracic Spine 113 Preoperative Planning, Staging, Oncological Approaches, and Outcomes for Primary Spine Tumors 114 Staging, Classifi cation, and Oncologic Approaches for Metastatic Tumors Involving the Spine 115 Prognostic Factors, Surgical Outcomes, and Guidelines for Managing Metastatic Spine Cancer 116 Radiosurgery for Spinal Tumors 117 Spondylectomy for Spinal Tumors 118 Tumors at the Foramen Magnum 119 Cervicothoracic Junction Tumors 120 Thoracic and Thoracolumbar Spinal Tumors-Regional Challenges 121 Sacral Tumors: Regional Challenges 122 Spinal Infections: Diagnosis and Treatment of Discitis, Osteomyelitis, and Epidural Abscess 123 Spinal Intradural Vascular Malformations 124 Spinal Dural and Extradural Vascular Malformations PART 4.5-Trauma, 1090 125 Imaging the Spine after Trauma 126 Classifi cation of Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Spine Injuries 127 Classifi cation and Management of Occipitocervical Injuries 128 Subaxial Cervical Spine Injuries 129 Trauma Surgery: Cervical Spine 130 Cervical Facet Dislocation: Strategy for Reduction, Decompression, and Stabilization 131 Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Injuries 132 Trauma Surgery: Thoracic and Thoracolumbar Junction 133 Trauma Surgery: Low Lumbar Injuries 134 Classifi cation and Management of Sacral Fractures 135 Spinal Traction 136 Timing of Surgery Following Spinal Cord Injury 137 Medical Management of Adult Spinal Cord Injury 138 Medical Management of Pediatric Spinal Cord Injury 139 Emerging Therapies for Spinal Cord Injury 140 Nonoperative Management and Treatment of Spine Injuries 141 Spinal Injuries in Sports 142 Penetrating Spinal Cord Injuries 143 Polytrauma Patient PART 4.6-Deformity 144 Spinal Deformity: Measuring, Defi ning, and Classifying 145 Spine Deformity and Correction: The Essentials 146 Craniocervical Junction Deformities 147 Sagittal Plane Deformities 148 Cervical Coronal Plane Deformities 149 Kyphotic Cervical Deformity 150 Adult Thoracic and Lumbar Deformity 151 Deformity Correction in the Degenerative Spine 152 Lumbar Spondylolisthesis and Degenerative Sagittal Plane Deformity Techniques 153 Degenerative Rotatory Scoliosis: Three-Dimensional Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Deformity Correction 154 Deformity Surgery for Ankylosing Spondylitis 155 An Approach for Treatment of Complex Adult Spinal Deformity 156 Osteotomies for the Correction of Deformities 157 Minimally Invasive Techniques for Thoracolumbar Deformity Correction PART 4.7-Spinal Dysraphism, Tethered Spinal Cord, and Spinal Malformations 159 Occult Spinal Dysraphism and the Tethered Spinal Cord 160 Myelomeningocele and Associated Anomalies 161 Spinal Cord Malformations 162 Tarlov Cysts 163 Spinal Cord Herniation and Spontaneous Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak 164 Chiari Malformations and Syringomyelia PART 4.8-Unique Surgical Considerations 165 Spinal Wound Closure 166 Bone Graft Harvesting 167 Vascularized Bone Grafts in Spine Surgery 168 Minimally Invasive Spinal Decompression and Stabilization Techniques I: Philosophy and Rationale 169 Minimally Invasive Spinal Decompression and Stabilization Techniques II: Clinical Applications and Results 170 Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy 171 Minimally Invasive Lumbar Interbody Fusion 172 Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery versus Open Spine Surgery 173 Spinal Augmentation for Vertebral Compression Fractures 174 The Obese Patient 175 Geriatric Spine 176 Smoking and the Spine 177 Chronic Pain, Failed Back Surgery Syndrome, and Management 178 Surgery of the Sympathetic Nervous System 179 Arachnoiditis and Syringomyelia 180 Posttraumatic and Idiopathic Syringomyelia SECTION 5 Motion Preservation Strategies 181 Motion-Sparing, Nonimplant Surgery: Cervical Spine and Lumbar Spine 182 Biomechanics of Motion Preservation Techniques 183 Cervical Total Disc Arthroplasty 184 Lumbar Total Disc Arthroplasty 185 Nuclear Replacement 186 Dorsal Dynamic Spine Stabilization 187 Total Facet Arthroplasty 188 Interspinous Bumpers 189 Explant Analysis of Wear, Degradation, and Fatigue in Motion Preserving Spinal Implants SECTION 6 Imaging the Spine 190 Overview of Imaging Procedures Available for Spinal Diagnosis 191 Degenerative Disease, Infection, and Neoplasms: Role of Imaging 192 Imaging: Trauma 193 Intraoperative Imaging of the Spine 194 Postoperative Imaging SECTION 7 Perioperative Treatment 195 Perioperative Management 196 Anesthesia for Spine Surgery and the Prevention of Complications 197 Surgical Incisions, Positioning, and Retraction 198 Blood Loss Management 199 Nutritional Care of the Spinal Cord-Injured Patient 200 Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation 201 Orthoses: Complication Prevention and Management SECTION 8 Avoidance and Management of Complications 202 Neurologic Complications of Common Spine Operations 203 Vascular and Soft Tissue Complications 204 Postoperative Spinal Deformities 205 Arachnoiditis 206 Prevention of Operative Infections: An Evidence-Based Approach 207 Postoperative Medical Complications 208 Cerebrospinal Fluid Fistula and Pseudomeningocele after Spine Surgery 209 Nonunion 210 Spine Reoperations 211 Intraoperative Crisis Management in Spine Surgery: What to Do When Things Go Bad SECTION 9 Postscript 212 Practice Management, Economics, and Confl icts of Interest from an Organized Neurosurgery Perspective 213 Art of the Clinical Trial 214 Meaningful Retrospective Analysis 215 Art and Science of Guideline Formation