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* Table of ContentsTable of Contents Acknowledgments IntroductionList of Contributors 1 Origins of Western Philosophic Thinking 1Introduction 1 The Pre-Socratic Philosophers 6 The Sophists 20 Socratesand the Socratics 23 Plato 32 Aristotle 52 Brief Summary of Aristotle'sWritings 72 Hellenistic Philosophy 74 Middle Platonism 91 Gnosticism 100Plotinus and Neoplatonism 102 Early Jewish and Christian Uses of Philosophy111 The Greek Tradition in Early Christian Philosophy 118 The LatinTradition in Early Christian Philosophy 128 2 Medieval Islamic and JewishPhilosophy 140 Introduction 140 Sa'adya Gaon 144 Jewish and Early MuslimNeoplatonism 149 Abu Nasr Muhammed al-Farabi 153 Avicenna 157 Al-Ghazali163 Philosophical Mysticism in Islamic Thought 170 Introduction 172Solomon ibn Gabirol 173 Judah Halevi 177 Averroes 183 Moses Maimonides 188Jewish Averroism 196 Gersonides 200 Hasdai Crescas, Joseph Albo, and IsaacAbrabanel 204 Moses de Leon and the Zohar 210 Isaac Luria and the LurianicKabbalah 213 Abraham Cohen Herrera 215 Conclusion 217 3 Medieval ChristianPhilosophy 219 Early Period 219 Translation and Transmission of GreekPhilosophy 230 Bonaventure 244 Thomas Aquinas 251 Latin Averroism 256Scotus and Scotism 261 Late Scholasticism 267 Realism Versus Nominalism 2714 The Renaissance 279 Between Ockham and Descartes 279 Aristotelianisms 280Humanism 292 Platonism 303 Doubt and Innovation 315 5 Seventeenth-CenturyPhilosophy 329 The Sceptical Crisis 329 Rene Descartes 336Seventeenth-Century Philosophy After Descartes 346 Thomas Hobbes 346 BlaisePascal 352 The Philosophy of the Royal Society of England 358 The Kabbaladenudata 363 The Cambridge Platonists 366 Baruch de Spinoza 373 John Locke382 Nicolas Malebranche 389 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 396 Pierre Bayle andBishop Huet, the Master Sceptics 404 Europe and Non-European Cultures 412China and Western Philosophy in the Age of Reason 412 6 Eighteenth-CenturyPhilosophy 422 Introduction 422 Isaac Newton 423 The Newton-LeibnizControversy 431 Deism 437 George Berkeley 445 Immaterialism in theAmerican Colonies: Samuel Johnson and Jonathan Edwards 452 David Hume 454The French Enlightenment 462 Christian Thomasius and Christian Wolff 472Moses Mendelssohn 475 Thomas Reid 480 Scepticism Before Kant 487 TheBerlin Academy 490 Immanuel Kant 494 Vico, Hamann, and Herder 502Eighteenth-Century Racism 508 7 Nineteenth-Century Philosophy 516Introduction 516 Early Sceptical, Religious, and Literary Responses toKantian Philosophy 518 The Flowering of Idealism 524 Johann Gottlieb Fichte524 F. W. J. Schelling 528 G. W. F. Hegel 533 The Turn from Idealism 542Arthur Schopenhauer 542 Soren Kierkegaard 546 Ludwig Feuerbach 549 KarlMarx 552 The Problem of Values in the Late Nineteenth Century 556 France567 Nineteenth-Century British Philosophy 575 American Philosophy in theNineteenth Century 587 The Beginnings of Pragmatism: Peirce, Wright, James,Royce 592 John Dewey 600 8 Twentieth-Century Analytic Philosophy 604Introduction 604 Symbolic Logic 606 The Logistic Thesis 610 The Theory ofDescriptions 613 Logical Positivism 621 Ludwig Wittgenstein 629 GilbertRyle and J. L. Austin 642 Karl Popper and W. V. O. Quine 647Direct-Reference Theorists 652 Donald Davidson and John Searle 655 NewDirections 657 9 Twentieth-Century Continental Philosophy 667 The EarlyDecades: Positivism, Neo-Kantianism, Dilthey 667 Husserl and Phenomenology675 Martin Heidegger 682 Continental Philosophy of Science 691Existentialism and Beyond 698 Hermeneutics: Gadamer and Ricoeur 705Continental Theistic Philosophers 712 Continental Philosophy: Neo-Marxism721 French Feminist Philosophy 730 Poststructuralism: Derrida and Foucault737 Continental Philosophy at the Turn of the Twenty-first Century A1Charles E. Scott 745 Epilogue 755 Epilogue on the History of Philosophy 757History of Philosophy and Reconstructing Philosophy 758 Women in theHistory of Philosophy 765 Philosophy and the History of Philosophy 772Index of Names 779 Index of Subjects 801 -- Choice