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Introduction 1. After the Banquet: Economic and Demographic Stagnation since the 1990s, David Chiavacci andCarola Hommerich. Creation of Inequality and Its Perception in Japan 2. Institutions and Actors in the Creation of Social Inequality: A Rational Choice Approach to Social Inequality, Yoshimichi Sato. 3. The Gap as Threat: Status Anxiety in the ‘Middle’, Carola Hommerich. Labour Market and Employment System 4. The "Re-segmentation" of the Japanese Labour Market: Investigating the Impact of Industrial Dynamics, Sébastien Lechevalier. 5. Does Employment Dualisation Lead to Political Polarisation? Assessing the Impact of Labour Market Inequalities on Political Discourse in Japan, Steffen Heinrich. 6. Are Labour Union Movements Capable of Solving the Problems of the ‘Gap Society’? Jun Imai. Welfare State and Family 7. Economic Inequality among Families with Small Children in Japan: Who Provides Welfare to Children? Sawako Shirahase. 8. Social Policy Responses to the ‘Gap Society’: The Structural Limitations of the Japanese Welfare State and Related Official Discourses since the 1990s, Harald Conrad. 9. The Old and New Welfare Politics in Japan: Persisting Obstacles for Reform, Margarita Estévez-Abe. Education and Social Mobility 10. Understanding Structural Changes in Inequality in Japanese Education: From Selection to Choice (Takehiko Kariya, Oxford University) 11. Political Discourse and Education Reforms concerning "Equality of Educational Opportunity", Akito Okada. 12. Trying to Reduce Inequalities in School: The Academic Discourse and the Concept of ‘Effective Schools’, Julia Canstein. Urban-Rural Divide 13. The Urban-Rural Divide in Japan: A Matter of Social Inequality? Ralph Lützeler. 14. Public and Political Discourse on Socio-Spatial Inequality in Japan, Volker Elis. 15. Understanding the Dynamics of Regional Growth and Shrinkage in 21st Century Japan: Towards the Achievement of an Asian-Pacific ‘Depopulation Dividend’, Peter Matanle. New Immigration and Ethnic Minorities 16. Migration and Integration Patterns of New Immigrants in Japan: Diverse Structures of Inequality (David Chiavacci, University of Zurich) 17. The "Multicultural Coexistence" Discourse in Crisis? Public Discourse on Immigrant Integration in the Gap Society, Takashi Kibe. 18. Understanding the Gaps Between Immigrant Economic Outcomes: Strategic Action and Meaning Making among Newcomer Immigrants in Japan, Gracia Liu-Farrer. Conclusion 19. Reassembling the Pieces: The Big Picture of Inequality in Japan, David Chiavacci andCarola Hommerich.