目次

Background and epidemiology.- Definitions.- Normal implantation, fetal development and placentation.- Normal immune function-  journey of the fetus.- Immunology and pregnancy loss.- Evolving role of genetics in RPL.- Hormonal abnormalities  in women with recurrent losses.- Uterine factors and anatomic considerations.- Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome.- Hereditary thrombophilia.- Microbiology of RPL.- Impact of male factors.- Unexplained recurrent miscarriage: A dilemma.- Psychological factors and stress in RPL.- Evidence based clinical and investigative work up of RPL couples.- Evidence based  management of RPL.- Establishing a one-stop RPL Clinic.- Role of Imaging.- Fetal autopsy and placental examination as a complementary tool.- Inflammatory markers and proteomic analysis.- Emotional support and psychological care of RPL couple.- Pregnancy after RPL.- Future research strategies and directions.- Progestogens/ hCG supplementation: A vital role.- Cervical cerclage: does it help?.- Immunotherapy for recurrent miscarriage.-Preimplantation gentic diagnosis to improve pregnancy outcome.- Termination of failed pregnancy: Surgical vs medical method.- Obesity and its association with RPL.- Minimally invasive surgery: diagnostic and therapeutic role.- Non pharmacologic treatment.