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ChapTitle Overview of Pediatrics Child Health Disparities Racism Global Health Quality and Value in Healthcare for Children Safety in Healthcare for Children Ethics in Pediatric Care Pediatric Palliative Care Domestic and International Adoption Foster and Kinship Care Medical Evaluation of the Foreign-Born Child Cultural Issues in Pediatric Care Maximizing Children's Health: Screening, Anticipatory Guidance, and Counseling Injury Control Impact of Violence on Children Bullying, Cyberbullying, and School Violence Media Violence Effects of War on Children Child Trafficking Abused and Neglected Children Sexual Abuse Medical Child Abuse (Factitious Disorder by Proxy, Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy) Strategies for Health Behavior Change Developmental and Behavioral Theories Positive Parenting and Support Assessment of Fetal Growth and Development The Newborn The First Year Infant Crying and Colic The Second Year The Preschool Years Middle Childhood Adolescence Assessment of Growth Developmental and Behavioral Screening and Surveillance Childcare Loss, Separation, and Bereavement Sleep Medicine Psychosocial Assessment and Interviewing Psychopharmacology Psychotherapy and Psychiatric Hospitalization Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders Rumination and Pica Rumination Disorder Pica Motor Disorders and Habits Tic Disorders Stereotypic Movement Disorders Anxiety Disorders Mood Disorders Major and Other Depressive Disorders Bipolar and Related Disorders Suicide and Attempted Suicide Eating Disorders Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders Tantrums and Breath-holding spells Lying, Stealing and Truancy Aggression Self-injurious behavior Childhood Psychoses Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders Psychosis Associated with Epilepsy Catatonia in Children and Adolescents Acute Phobic Hallucinations of Childhood Neurodevelopmental and Executive Function and Dysfunction Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Dyslexia Math and Writing Disabilities Math Disabilities Writing Disabilities Language Development and Communication Disorders Child-Onset Fluency Disorder Developmental Delay and Intellectual Disability Intellectual Disability with Regression Autism Spectrum Disorder Nutritional Requirements Feeding Healthy Infants, Children, and Adolescents Nutrition, Food Security, and Health Refeeding Syndrome Failure to Thrive Overweight and Obesity Rapid-Onset Obesity with Hypothalamic Dysfunction, Hypoventilation and Autonomic Dysregulation (ROHHAD) Vitamin A Deficiencies and Excess Vitamin B Complex Deficiencies and Excess Thiamine (Vitamin B1) Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) Niacin (Vitamin B3) Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Biotin Folate Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Vitamin D Deficiency (Rickets) and Excess Vitamin E Deficiency Vitamin K Deficiency Micronutrient Mineral Deficiencies Electrolyte and Acid-Base Disorders Composition of Body Fluids Regulation of Osmolality and Volume Sodium Potassium Magnesium Phosphorus Acid-Base Balance Maintenance and Replacement Therapy Deficit Therapy Fluid and Electrolyte Treatment of Specific Disorders Pediatric Pharmacogenetics, Pharmacogenomics, and Pharmacoproteomics Principles of Drug Therapy Anesthesia and Perioperative Care Anesthetic Neurotoxicity Sedation and Procedural Pain Pediatric Pain Management Poisoning Complementary Therapies, and Integrative Medicine Emergency Medical Services for Children Interfacility Transport of the Seriously Ill or Injured Pediatric Patient Outcomes and Risk-Adjustment Principles Applicable to the Developing World Triage of the Acutely Ill Child Resuscitation Acute Care of the Victim of Multiple Trauma Spinal Cord Injuries in Children Care of Abrasions and Minor Lacerations Neurologic Emergencies and Stabilization Brain Death Syncope POTS Shock Respiratory Distress and Failure Mechanical Ventilation Long-term Mechanical Ventilation Altitude-associated Illness in Children (Acute Mountain Sickness) Drowning and Submersion Injury Burn injuries Cold Injuries Integration of Genetics into Pediatric Practice Genetic Counseling Management and Treatment of Genetic Disorders The Genetic Approach in Pediatric Medicine The Human Genome Patterns of Genetic Transmission Cytogenetics Methods of Chromosome Analysis Down Syndrome and Other Abnormalities of Chromosome Number Abnormalities of Chromosome Structure Sex Chromosome Aneuploidy Fragile Chromosome Sites Mosaicism Chromosome Instability Syndromes Uniparental Disomy and Imprinting Genetics of Common Disorders Major Genetic Approaches to the Study of Common Pediatric Disorders Epigenome-Wide Association Studies and Disease Genetic Approaches to Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases An Approach to Inborn Errors of Metabolism Defects in Metabolism of Amino Acids Phenylalanine Tyrosine Methionine Cysteine/Cystine Tryptophan Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, and Related Organic Acidemias Glycine Serine Proline Glutamic Acid Genetic Disorders of Neurotransmitters Urea Cycle and Hyperammonemia (Arginine, Citrulline, Ornithine) Histidine Lysine N-Acetylaspartic Acid (Canavan Disease) Defects in Metabolism of Lipids Disorders of Mitochondrial Fatty Acid 　-Oxidation Disorders of Very Long Chain Fatty Acids Disorders of Lipoprotein Metabolism and Transport Lipidoses (Lysosomal Storage Disorders) Mucolipidoses Defects in Metabolism of Carbohydrates Glycogen Storage Diseases Defects in Galactose Metabolism Defects in Fructose Metabolism Defects in Intermediary Carbohydrate Metabolism Associated with Lactic Acidosis Defects in Pentose Metabolism Disorders of Glycoprotein Degradation Congenital Disorders of Glycosolation Approach to Mitochondrial Disorders Mucopolysaccharidoses Disorders of Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome The Porphyrias Hypoglycemia Overview of Mortality and Morbidity The Newborn Infant History in Neonatal Pediatrics Physical Examination of the Newborn Infant Routine Newborn Care Circumcision Parent-Infant Bonding High-Risk Pregnancies The Fetus Fetal Growth and Maturity Fetal Distress Maternal Disease and the Fetus Maternal Medication and Toxin Exposure and the Fetus Teratogens Radiation Intrauterine Diagnosis of Fetal Disease Treatment and Prevention of Fetal Disease Fetal Intervention and Surgery The High-Risk Infant Multiple Gestation Pregnancies Extreme and Very Preterm Infants Moderate and Late Pre-Term Infants Term and Post-Term Infants Follow-up of High-Risk Infants after Discharge Infant Transport Clinical Manifestations of Diseases in the Newborn Period Hyperthermia Neontal Cold Injury Edema Hypocalcemia (Tetany) Hypermanganazemia Nervous System Disorders The Cranium Traumatic, Epidural, Subdural, and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Intracranial-Intraventricular Hemorrhage and Periventricular Leukomalacia Hypoxia-Ischemic Encephalopathy Spine and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nerve Injuries Neonatal Resuscitation and Delivery Room Emergencies Respiratory Tract Disorders Transition to Pulmonary Respiration Apnea Respiratory Distress Syndrome (Hyaline Membrane Disease) BPD PDA Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn Aspiration of Foreign Material (Fetal Aspiration Syndrome, Aspiration Pneumonia) Meconium Aspiration Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn (Persistent Fetal Circulation) Diaphragmatic Hernia Foramen of Morgagni Hernia Paraesophageal Hernia Eventration Extrapulmonary Air Leaks (Pneumothorax, Pneumomediastinum, Pulmonary Interstitial Emphysema, Pneumopericardium) Pulmonary Hemorrhage Digestive System Disorders Meconium Ileus, Peritonitis, and Intestinal Obstruction Necrotizing Enterocolitis Jaundice and Hyperbilirubinemia in the Newborn Kernicterus Blood Disorders Anemia in the Newborn Infant Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (Erythroblastosis Fetalis) Plethora in the Newborn Infant (Polycythemia) Hemorrhage in the Newborn Infant The Umbilicus Abstinence Syndromes Neonatal Abstinence (Withdrawal) Maternal Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Neonatal Behavioral Syndromes Fetal Alcohol Exposure The Endocrine System Infants of Diabetic Mothers Dysmorphology Epidemiology of Infections Healthcare?Associated Infections (HAI) Congenital Infections Adolescent Physical and Social Development Gender and Sexual Identity Gay, Lesbian & Bisexual Adolescents Transgender Care The Epidemiology of Adolescent Health Problems Delivery of Health Care to Adolescents Legal Issues Screening Procedures Transitioning to Adult Care Violent Behavior Substance Abuse Alcohol Tobacco and Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems Marijuana Inhalants Hallucinogens Cocaine Amphetamines Stimulant Abuse and Diversion Opiates Bath salts and other drugs of abuse The Breast Menstrual Problems Amenorrhea Abnormal Uterine Bleeding Dysmenorrhea Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder Contraception Long-Acting Reversible Contraception (LARC) Other Progestin-only Methods Combined Hormonal Contraceptives Emergency Contraception (EC) Dual Protection Other Barrier Methods Other Methods Adolescent Pregnancy Adolescent Sexual Assault Sexually Transmitted Infections Chronic Overlapping Pain Syndromes Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Systemic Exertion Intolerance Disease Evaluation of Suspected Immunodeficiency Lymphocyte Development and Function Primary Defects of Antibody Production Treatment of B-Cell Defects Primary Defects of Cellular Immunity Immune Deficiencies Affecting Multiple Cell Types Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Combined Immunodeficiency Defects of Innate Immunity Treatment of Cellular or Combined Immunodeficiency Immune Dysregulation with Autoimmunity or Lymphoproliferation Neutrophils Monocytes, Macrophages, and Dendritic Cells Eosinophils Disorders of Phagocyte Function Leukopenia Leukocytosis The Complement System Disorders of the Complement System Evaluation of the Complement System Genetic Deficiencies of Complement Components Deficiencies of Plasma, Membrane, or Serosal Complement Control Proteins Secondary Disorders of Complement Treatment of Complement Disorders Principles and Clinical Indications of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation from Alternative Sources and Donors Graft-Versus-Host Disease, Rejection, and Veno-occlusive Disease Infectious Complications of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Late Effects of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Allergy and the Immunologic Basis of Atopic Disease Diagnosis of Allergic Disease Allergic Rhinitis Childhood Asthma Atopic Dermatitis (Atopic Eczema) Insect Allergy Ocular Allergies Urticaria (Hives) and Angioedema Anaphylaxis Serum Sickness Food Allergy and Adverse Reactions to Foods Adverse Reactions to Drugs Evaluation of Suspected Rheumatic Disease Treatment of Rheumatic Diseases Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Ankylosing Spondylitis and Other Spondyloarthritides Reactive and Post-Infectious Arthritis Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Neonatal Lupus Juvenile Dermatomyositis Scleroderma and Raynaud Phenomenon Beh　et Disease Sj　gren Syndrome The Hereditary Periodic Fever Syndromes and Other Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases Amyloidosis Sarcoidosis Kawasaki Disease Vasculitis Syndromes Henoch-Sch　nlein Purpura Takayasu Arteritis Polyarteritis Nodosa and Cutaneous Polyarteritis Nodosa ANCA-associated vasculitis Other Vasculitic Syndromes Musculoskeletal Pain Syndromes Growing Pains Small Fiber Polyneuropathy Fibromyalgia Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Erythromelalgia Miscellaneous Conditions Associated With Arthritis Diagnostic Microbiology The Microbiome and Pediatric Health Immunization Practices International Immunization Practices Infection Prevention and Control Childcare and Communicable Diseases Health Advice for Children Traveling Internationally Fever Fever Without a Focus in the Neonate (0-2 mos) Fever in the Older Child Fever of Unknown Origin Infections in Immunocompromised Persons Infections Occurring with Primary Immunodeficiencies Infections Occuring with Acquired Immunodeficiencies Prevention of Infection in Immunocompromised Persons Infection Associated with Medical Devices Principles of Antibacterial Therapy Staphylococcus Staphylococcus aureus Toxic Shock Syndrome Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococcus) Group A Streptococcus Rheumatic Fever Group B Streptococcus Non-Group A or B Streptococci Enterococcus Diphtheria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae) Listeria monocytogenes Actinomyces Nocardia Neisseria meningitidis (Meningococcus) Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Gonococcus) Kingella kingae Haemophilus influenzae Chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi) Moraxella catarrhalis Pertussis (Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis) Salmonella Nontyphoidal Salmonellosis Enteric Fever (Typhoid Fever) Shigella Escherichia coli Cholera Campylobacter Yersinia Yersinia enterocolitica Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Plague (Yersinia pestis) Aeromonas and Plesiomonas Aeromonas Plesiomonas shigelloides Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, and Stenotrophomonas Pseudomonas Burkholderia Cepacia Complex Stenotrophomonas Tularemia (Francisella tularensis) Brucella Legionella Bartonella Cat Scratch Disease (Bartonella henselae) Bartonellosis (Bartonella bacilliformis) Trench Fever (Bartonella quintana) Bacillary Angiomatosis and Bacillary Peliosis Hepatis (Bartonella henselae and Bartonella quintana) Botulism (Clostridium botulinum) Tetanus (Clostridium tetani) Clostridium difficile Infection Other Anaerobic Infections Principles of Antimycobacterial Therapy Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) Hansen Disease (Mycobacterium leprae) Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Syphilis (Treponema pallidum) Nonvenereal Treponemal Infections Yaws (Treponema pertenue) Bejel (Endemic Syphilis: Treponema pallidum endemicum) Pinta (Treponema carateum) Leptospira Relapsing Fever (Borrelia) Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi) Mycoplasma pneumoniae Genital Mycoplasmas (Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Ureaplasma urealyticum) Chlamydia (Chlamydophila) pneumoniae Chlamydia trachomatis Trachoma Genital Tract Infections Conjunctivitis and Pneumonia in Newborns Lymphogranuloma Venereum Psittacosis (Chlamydia psittaci) Spotted Fever Group Rickettsioses Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (Rickettsia rickettsii) Mediterranean Spotted Fever or Boutonneuse Fever (Rickettsia conorii) Rickettsialpox (Rickettsia akari) Scrub Typhus (Orientia tsutsugamushi) Typhus Group Rickettsioses Murine (endemic or flea-borne) Typhus (Rickettsia typhi) Epidemic (louse-borne) Typhus (Rickettsia prowazekii) Ehrlichioses and Anaplasmosis Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii) Principles of Antifungal Therapy Candida Neonatal Infections Infections in Immunocompetent Children and Adolescents Infections in Immunocompromised Children and Adolescents Cryptococcus neoformans Malassezia Aspergillus Allergic Disease (Hypersensitivity Syndromes) Saprophytic (Noninvasive) Syndromes Invasive Disease Histoplasmosis (Histoplasma capsulatum) Blastomycosis (Blastomyces dermatitidis) Coccidioidomycosis (Coccidioides Species) Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Sporotrichosis (Sporothrix schenckii) Zygomycosis (Mucormycosis) Pneumocystis Jirovecii Principles of Antiviral Therapy Measles Rubella Mumps Polioviruses Nonpolio Enteroviruses Parvoviruses Herpes Simplex Virus Varicella-Zoster Virus Infections Epstein-Barr Virus Cytomegalovirus Roseola (Human Herpesviruses 6 and 7) Human Herpesvirus 8 Influenza Viruses Parainfluenza Viruses Respiratory Syncytial Virus Human Metapneumovirus Adenoviruses Rhinoviruses Coronaviruses Rotaviruses, Calicivirus, and Astrovirus Human Papillomaviruses Arboviral Infections Eastern Equine Encephalitis Western Equine Encephalitis St. Louis Encephalitis West Nile Encephalitis Powassan Encephalitis LaCrosse and California Encephalitis Colorado Tick Fever Chikungunya Fever Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Japanese Encephalitis Tick-Borne Encephalitis Zika Virus Dengue Fever and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Yellow Fever Other Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus (LCMV) Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome Rabies Polyomaviruses Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) Human T-Lymphotropic Viruses (1 and 2) Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Principles of Antiparasitic Therapy Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis Amebiasis Giardiasis and Balantidiasis Giardia lamblia Balantidiasis Cryptosporidium, Isospora, Cyclospora, and Microsporidia Trichomoniasis (Trichomonas vaginalis) Leishmaniasis (Leishmania) African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness; Trypanosoma brucei complex) American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease; Trypanosoma cruzi) Malaria (Plasmodium) Babesiosis (Babesia) Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii) Ascariasis (Ascaris lumbricoides) Hookworms (Necator americanus and Ancylostoma spp.) Cutaneous Larva Migrans Trichuriasis (Trichuris trichuria) Enterobiasis (Enterobius vermicularis) Strongyloidiasis (Strongyloides stercoralis) Lymphatic Filariasis (Brugia malayi, Brugia timori, and Wuchereria bancrofti) Other Tissue Nematodes Toxocariasis (Visceral and Ocular Larva Migrans) Trichinellosis (Trichinella spiralis) Schistosomiasis (Schistosoma) Flukes (Liver, Lung, and Intestinal) Adult Tapeworm Infections Cysticercosis Echinococcosis (Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis) Normal Digestive Tract Phenomena Major Symptoms and Signs of Digestive Tract Disorders Development and Developmental Anomalies of the Teeth Disorders of the Oral Cavity Associated with Other Conditions Malocclusion Cleft Lip and Palate Syndromes with Oral Manifestations Dental Caries Periodontal Diseases Dental Trauma Common Lesions of the Oral Soft Tissues Diseases of the Salivary Glands and Jaws Diagnostic Radiology in Dental Assessment Embryology, Anatomy, and Function of the Esophagus Common Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Aids Congenital Anomalies Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula Laryngotracheoesophageal Clefts Obstructing and Motility Disorders of the Esophagus Dysmotility Hiatal Hernia Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Complications of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Eosinophilic Esophagitis and Non-GERD Esophagitis Esophageal Perforation Esophageal Varices Ingestions Foreign Bodies in the Esophagus Caustic Ingestions Normal Development, Structure, and Function Pyloric Stenosis and Other Congenital Anomalies of the Stomach Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis Congenital Gastric Outlet Obstruction Gastric Duplication Gastric Volvulus Hypertrophic Gastropathy Intestinal Atresia, Stenosis, and Malrotation Duodenal Obstruction Jejunal and Ileal Atresia and Obstruction Malrotation Intestinal Duplications, Meckel Diverticulum, and Other Remnants of the Omphalomesenteric Duct Intestinal Duplication Meckel Diverticulum and Other Remnants of the Omphalomesenteric Duct Motility Disorders and Hirschsprung Disease Chronic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction Mitochondrial Neurogastrointestinal Encephalomyopathy Encopresis and Functional Constipation Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon (Hirschsprung Disease) Intestinal Neuronal Dysplasia Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome (Wilkie Syndrome, Cast Syndrome, Arteriomesenteric Duodenal Compression Syndrome) Ileus, Adhesions, Intussusception, and Closed-Loop Obstructions Ileus Adhesions Intussusception Closed-Loop Obstructions Foreign Bodies and Bezoars Foreign Bodies in the Stomach and Intestine Bezoars Peptic Ulcer Disease in Children Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome Inflammatory Bowel Disease Chronic Ulcerative Colitis Crohn Disease (Regional Enteritis, Regional lleitis, Granulomatous Colitis) Very Early Onset IBD Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis Disorders of Malabsorption Evaluation of Children with Suspected Intestinal Malabsorption Celiac Disease (Gluten-Sensitive Enteropathy) Other Malabsorptive Syndromes Intestinal Infections and Infestations Associated with Malabsorption Immunodeficiency Disorders Immunoproliferative Small Intestinal Disease Short Bowel Syndrome Chronic Malnutrition Enzyme Deficiencies Liver and Biliary Disorders Causing Malabsorption Rare Inborn Defects Causing Malabsorption Malabsorption in Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis Malabsorption in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Intestinal Transplantation in Children with Intestinal Failure Acute Gastroenteritis in Children Traveler's Diarrhea Chronic Diarrhea Diarrhea from Neuroendocrine Tumors Functional Abdominal pain (Nonorganic Chronic Abdominal pain) Cyclic vomiting and abdominal migraine Acute Appendicitis Surgical Conditions of the Anus and Rectum Anorectal Malformations Anal Fissure Perianal Abscess and Fistula Hemorrhoids Rectal Mucosal Prolapse Pilonidal Sinus and Abscess Tumors of the Digestive Tract Inguinal Hernias Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology Anatomic Abnormalities Physiology Pancreatic Function Tests Disorders of the Exocrine Pancreas Treatment of Pancreatic Insufficiency Pancreatitis Acute Pancreatitis Chronic Pancreatitis Pseudocyst of the Pancreas Pancreatic Tumors Morphogenesis of the Liver and Biliary System Manifestations of Liver Disease Evaluation of Patients with Possible Liver Dysfunction Cholestasis Neonatal Cholestasis Cholestasis in the Older Child Metabolic Diseases of the Liver Inherited Deficient Conjugation of Bilirubin (Familial Nonhemolytic Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia) Wilson Disease Indian Childhood Cirrhosis Neonatal Iron Storage Disease Miscellaneous Metabolic Diseases of the Liver Viral Hepatitis Liver Abscess Liver Disease Associated with Systemic Disorders Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Mitochondrial Hepatopathies Autoimmune Hepatitis Drug- and Toxin-Induced Liver Injury Fulminant Hepatic Failure Cystic Diseases of the Biliary Tract and Liver Diseases of the Gallbladder Portal Hypertension and Varices Liver Transplantation Malformations Ascites Chylous Ascites Peritonitis Acute Primary Peritonitis Acute Secondary Peritonitis Acute Secondary Localized Peritonitis (Peritoneal Abscess) Epigastric Hernia Incisional Hernia Diagnostic Approach to Respiratory Disease Chronic or Recurrent Respiratory Symptoms Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Sudden Unexpected Postnatal Collapse (SUPC) BRUE / ALTE Congenital Disorders of the Nose Acquired Disorders of the Nose Foreign Body Epistaxis Nasal Polyps The Common Cold Sinusitis Acute Pharyngitis Retropharyngeal Abscess, Lateral Pharyngeal (Parapharyngeal) Abscess, and Peritonsillar Cellulitis/Abscess Tonsils and Adenoids Acute Inflammatory Upper Airway Obstruction (Croup, Epiglottitis, Laryngitis, and Bacterial Tracheitis) Infectious Upper Airway Obstruction Bacterial Tracheitis Congenital Anomalies of the Larynx, Trachea, and Bronchi Laryngomalacia Congenital Subglottic Stenosis Vocal Cord Paralysis Congenital Laryngeal Webs and Atresia Congenital Subglottic Hemangioma Laryngoceles and Saccular Cysts Posterior Laryngeal Cleft and Laryngotracheoesophageal Cleft Vascular and Cardiac Anomalies Tracheal Stenoses, Webs, and Atresia Foregut Cysts Tracheomalacia and Bronchomalacia Foreign Bodies of the Airway Laryngeal Foreign Bodies Tracheal Foreign Bodies Bronchial Foreign Bodies Laryngotracheal Stenosis and Subglottic Stenosis Congenital Subglottic Stenosis Acquired Laryngotracheal Stenosis Bronchomalacia and Tracheomalacia Neoplasms of the Larynx, Trachea, and Bronchi Vocal Nodules Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis Congenital Subglottic Hemangioma Vascular Anomalies Other Laryngeal Neoplasms Tracheal Neoplasms Bronchial Tumors Wheezing, Bronchiolitis, and Bronchitis Wheezing in Infants: Bronchiolitis Bronchitis Plastic Bronchitis Emphysema and Overinflation ?1-Antitrypsin Deficiency and Emphysema Other Distal Airway Diseases Bronciolitis Obliterans Follicular Bronchitis Pulmonary Alveolar Microlithiasis Congenital Disorders of the Lung Pulmonary Agenesis and Aplasia Pulmonary Hypoplasia Congenital Cystic Malformation Pulmonary Sequestration Bronchogenic Cysts Congenital Pulmonary Lymphangiectasia Lung Hernia Other Congenital Malformations of the Lung Pulmonary Edema Aspiration Syndromes Chronic Recurrent Aspiration Immune and Inflammatory Lung Disease Hypersensitivity Pneumonia Occupational and Environmental Lung Disease Granulomatous Lung Disease Eosinophilic Lung Disease Interstitial Lung Diseases Neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Community-Acquired Pneumonia Pleural Effusion and Empyema Dry or Plastic Pleural Effusion Serofibrinous or Serosanguineous Pleural Effusion Empyema Bronchiectasis Pulmonary Abscess Cystic Fibrosis Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (Immotile Cilia Syndrome, Kartagener Syndrome) Diffuse Lung Diseases in Childhood Inherited Disorders of Surfactant Metabolism Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis Pulmonary Hemosiderosis Pulmonary Embolism, Infarction, and Hemorrhage Pulmonary Embolus and Infarction Pulmonary Hemorrhage and Hemoptysis Atelectasis Pulmonary Tumors Pneumothorax Pneumomediastinum Hydrothorax Hemothorax Chylothorax Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Skeletal Diseases Influencing Pulmonary Function Pectus Excavatum (Funnel Chest) Pectus Carinatum and Sternal Clefts Asphyxiating Thoracic Dystrophy (Thoracic-Pelvic-Phalangeal Dystrophy) Achondroplasia Kyphoscoliosis: Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis and Congential Scoliosis Congenital Rib Anomalies Chronic Respiratory Insufficiency Neuromuscular Diseases Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome Other Conditions Long-Term Mechanical Ventilation Cardiac Development Early Cardiac Morphogenesis Cardiac Looping Cardiac Septation Aortic Arch Development Cardiac Differentiation Developmental Changes in Cardiac Function The Fetal to Neonatal Circulatory Transition The Fetal Circulation The Transitional Circulation The Neonatal Circulation History and Physical Examination Laboratory Evaluation Radiologic Assessment Electrocardiography Hematologic Data Echocardiography Exercise Testing MRI, MRA, CT, and Radionuclide Studies Diagnostic and Interventional Cardiac Catheterization Epidemiology and Genetic Basis of Congenital Heart Disease Evaluation and Screening of the Infant or Child with Congenital Heart Disease Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: The Left-to-Right Shunt Lesions Atrial Septal Defect Ostium Secundum Defect Sinus Venosus Atrial Septal Defect Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return Atrioventricular Septal Defects (Ostium Primum and Atrioventricular Canal or Endocardial Cushion Defects) Ventricular Septal Defect Supracristal Ventricular Septal Defect with Aortic Insufficiency Patent Ductus Arteriosus Aortopulmonary Window Defect Coronary Artery Fistula Ruptured Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: The Obstructive Lesions Pulmonary Valve Stenosis with Intact Ventricular Septum Infundibular Pulmonary Stenosis and Double-Chamber Right Ventricle Pulmonary Stenosis in Combination with an Intracardiac Shunt Peripheral Pulmonary Stenosis Aortic Stenosis Coarctation of the Aorta Coarctation with Ventricular Septal Defect Coarctation with Other Cardiac Anomalies and Interrupted Aortic Arch Congenital Mitral Stenosis Pulmonary Venous Hypertension Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: Regurgitant Lesions Pulmonary Valvular Insufficiency and Congenital Absence of the Pulmonary Valve Congenital Mitral Insufficiency Mitral Valve Prolapse Tricuspid Regurgitation Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: Evaluation of the Critically Ill Neonate with Cyanosis and Respiratory Distress Cyanotic Congenital Heart Lesions: Lesions Associated with Decreased Pulmonary Blood Flow Tetralogy of Fallot Tetraology of Fallot with Pulmonary Atresia Pulmonary Atresia with Intact Ventricular Septum Tricuspid Atresia Double-Outlet Right Ventricle Transposition of the Great Arteries with Ventricular Septal Defect and Pulmonary Stenosis Ebstein Anomaly of the Tricuspid Valve Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: Lesions Associated with Increased Pulmonary Blood Flow D-Transposition of the Great Arteries D-Transposition of the Great Arteries with Intact Ventricular Septum Transposition of the Great Arteries with Ventricular Septal Defect L-Transposition of the Great Arteries (Corrected Transposition) Double-Outlet Right Ventricle Without Pulmonary Stenosis Double-Outlet Right Ventricle with Malposition of the Great Arteries (Taussig-Bing Anomaly) Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return Truncus Arteriosus Single Ventricle (Double-Inlet Ventricle, Univentricular Heart) Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome Abnormal Positions of the Heart and the Heterotaxy Syndromes (Asplenia, Polysplenia) Other Congenital Heart and Vascular Malformations Anomalies of the Aortic Arch Anomalous Origin of the Coronary Arteries Pulmonary Arteriovenous Fistula Ectopia Cordis Diverticulum of the Left Ventricle Pulmonary Hypertension Primary Pulmonary Hypertension Pulmonary Vascular Disease (Eisenmenger Syndrome) General Principles of Treatment of Congenital Heart Disease Congenital Heart Disease in Adults Disturbances of Rate and Rhythm of the Heart Principles of Antiarrhythmic Therapy Sinus Arrhythmias and Extrasystoles Supraventricular Tachycardia Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias Long Q-T Syndromes Sinus Node Dysfunction AV Blcok Sudden Death Infective Endocarditis Rheumatic Heart Disease Diseases of the Myocardium Dilated Cardiomyopathy Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Restrictive Cardiomyopathy Left Ventricular Noncompaction, Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy, and Endocardial Fibroelastosis Myocarditis Diseases of the Pericardium Acute Pericarditis Constrictive Pericarditis Tumors of the Heart Heart Failure Cardiogenic Shock Pediatric Heart and Heart-Lung Transplantation Pediatric Heart Transplantation Heart-Lung and Lung Transplantation Diseases of the Blood Vessels (Aneurysms and Fistulas) Kawasaki Disease Arteriovenous Fistulas Infantile Calcifications (GACI, IIAC, and ACDC) Systemic Hypertension Development of the Hematopoietic System The Anemias Congenital Hypoplastic Anemia (Diamond-Blackfan Anemia ) Pearson's Syndrome Acquired Pure Red Blood Cell Anemia Anemia of Chronic Disease and Renal Disease Anemia of Chronic Disease (ACD) Anemia of Renal Disease Congenital Dyserythropoietic Anemias Physiologic Anemia of Infancy Megaloblastic Anemias Folic Acid Deficiency Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Deficiency Other Rare Megaloblastic Anemias Iron-Deficiency Anemia Iron-Refractory Iron Deficiency Anemia Other Microcytic Anemias Definitions and Classification of Hemolytic Anemias Hereditary Spherocytosis Hereditary Elliptocytosis Hereditary Stomatocytosis Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria and Acanthocytosis Hemoglobinopathies Sickle Cell Disease Sickle Cell Trait (Hemoglobin AS) Other Hemoglobinopathies Unstable Hemoglobin Disorders Abnormal Hemoglobins with Increased Oxygen Affinity Abnormal Hemoglobins Causing Cyanosis Hereditary Methemoglobinemia Hereditary Methemoglobinemia with Deficiency of NADH Cytochrome B5 Reductase Syndromes of Hereditary Persistence of Fetal Hemoglobin (HPFH) Thalassemia Syndromes Enzymatic Defects Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency Other Glycolytic Enzyme Deficiencies Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency and Related Deficiencies Hemolytic Anemias Resulting from Extracellular Factors- Immune Hemolytic Anemias Hemolytic Anemias Secondary to Other Extracellular Factors Polycythemia Non-Clonal Polycythemia The Inherited Pancytopenias The Acquired Pancytopenias Red Blood Cell Transfusions and Erythropoietin Therapy Platelet Transfusions Neutrophil (Granulocyte) Transfusions Plasma Transfusions Risks of Blood Transfusions Hemostasis The Clinical and Laboratory Evaluation of Hemostasis Hereditary Clotting Factor Deficiencies (Bleeding Disorders) Factor VIII or Factor IX Deficiency (Hemophilia A or B) Factor XI Deficiency (Hemophilia C) Deficiencies of the Contact Factors (Nonbleeding Disorders) Factor VII Deficiency Factor X Deficiency Prothrombin (Factor II) Deficiency Factor V Deficiency Combined Deficiency of Factors V and VIII Fibrinogen Deficiency (Factor I) Factor XIII Deficiency (Fibrin-Stabilizing Factor or Transglutaminase Deficiency) Antiplasmin or Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Deficiency von Willebrand Disease Hereditary Predisposition to Thrombosis Thrombotic Disorders in Children Anticoagulant and Thrombolytic Therapy Postneonatal Vitamin K Deficiency Liver Disease Acquired Inhibitors of Coagulation Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Platelet and Blood Vessel Disorders Idiopathic (Autoimmune) Thrombocytopenic Purpura Drug-Induced Thrombocytopenia Nonimmune Platelet Destruction Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Kasabach-Merritt Syndrome Sequestration Congenital Thrombocytopenic Syndromes Neonatal Thrombocytopenia Thrombocytopenia Due to Acquired Disorders Causing Decreased Production Platelet Function Disorders Acquired Disorders of Platelet Function Congenital Abnormalities of Platelet Function Disorders of